********************************************** Dr. Hasan Yahya Writings Escritos del Dr. Hasan Yahya
Part Two: Samples of English Writings Segunda parte: Las muestras de Inglés Escritos
Arabs and Muslims Árabes y musulmanes and race relations in the United States of America y las relaciones raciales en los Estados Unidos de América
Hasan Yahya, Ph.D Yahya Hasan, Ph.D
The history of race and ethnic relations in the American (US) society show that perfect understanding among the diverse groups of the American society is far from achieving in spite of the fact that serious attempts have been made to improve race relations. La historia de las relaciones raciales y étnicas en la (EE.UU.) la sociedad estadounidense que muestran un perfecto entendimiento entre los diversos grupos de la sociedad estadounidense está lejos de alcanzar a pesar del hecho de que los intentos serios se han hecho para mejorar las relaciones raciales. The development of minority group assimilation to the mainstream American society from Americanization through the melting pot and finally to plurality of cultures still persist in the literature of race relations. El desarrollo del grupo de asimilación de las minorías a la sociedad estadounidense a través de la corriente principal de la americanización del crisol de razas y, finalmente, a la pluralidad de las culturas aún persisten en la literatura de las relaciones raciales. These developments varied in the volume of racism, discrimination, and stereotyping. Estos acontecimientos variaron en el volumen del racismo, la discriminación y los estereotipos. Even though, theoretically speaking, it might be thought for a while that America is free of these practices against Native Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Jews, Women, aged people, mentally ill or disabled, gay and lesbians, and of course, Arabs. Aunque, en teoría, se podría pensar por un momento que Estados Unidos está libre de estas prácticas contra los nativos americanos, los hispanos asiáticos, Judios, mujeres, ancianos, enfermos mentales o discapacitados, homosexuales y lesbianas, y por supuesto, los árabes. It might be thought also that for a while that all African Americans (over 30 million) belong to fancy Cosby Show family or Michael Jackson group. Se podría pensar también que durante un tiempo que todos los afro-americanos (más de 30 millones) pertenecen a la fantasía de la familia Cosby Show o Michael Jackson grupo. But reality is something else. Pero la realidad es otra cosa.
In this article, contributions of Arabs to world culture are described, as well as perception of Westerners in general, and Americans in particular of Arabs and Muslims as a minority group. En este artículo, las contribuciones de los árabes a la cultura mundial se describen, así como la percepción de los occidentales en general, y los estadounidenses, en particular, de los árabes y los musulmanes como un grupo minoritario. Arabs like Jews are Semites, that's to say, their language belongs to the ethnic family of languages. Few number of scholars recognize that between the 8 th and 12 th centuries, while most of Europe was in the throes of barbarism, the Arabs kept a light the flame of Western civilization. Los árabes como los Judios son semitas, es decir, su idioma pertenece a la familia étnica de los idiomas. Escaso número de investigadores reconocen que entre los días 8 y 12 siglos de sesiones, mientras que la mayoría de Europa estaba en medio de la barbarie, los árabes mantienen una encender la llama de la civilización occidental. To them belongs the unique distinction of having the culture of the east as well as that of the west. A ellos pertenece la distinción única de tener la cultura del este, así como la del oeste. From China, Arabs introduced the papers to the West, They furnished the language of science. Desde China, los árabes introdujeron los papeles al oeste, amueblado el lenguaje de la ciencia. In Mathematics, Arabs created and improved system of numerals, and developed the mathematical use of the ZERO. En Matemáticas, los árabes creado y mejorado sistema de números, y desarrollaron el uso matemático del cero. They made important contributions to the science of astronomy, music, alchemi, and geography. Ellos hicieron importantes contribuciones a la ciencia de la astronomía, la música, Alchemi, y la geografía. In Medicine, they classified the pulmonary circulation of the blood, distinguished between smallpox and measles, established psychological treatment to mentally ill persons, and found the curative uses of many drugs. En Medicina, se clasificó la circulación pulmonar de la sangre, que se distingue entre la viruela y el sarampión, establecido tratamiento psicológico a enfermos mentales, y que se encuentran los usos curativos de muchas drogas. In Chemistry, they learn to dissolve metals to ART, Literature, Architecture, and Philosophy. En Química, aprenden a disolver los metales a la terapia antirretroviral, Literatura, Arquitectura y Filosofía. They preserved many ancient manuscripts, study them and write about them. Se conservan muchos manuscritos antiguos, estudiarlas y escribir sobre ellos. As a consequence, Arab scholars were well versed in Aristotle three centuries before the churchmen became acquainted with most of his books and philosophy. Como consecuencia de ello, los eruditos árabes fueron muy versado en Aristóteles tres siglos antes de que los eclesiásticos se familiarizó con la mayoría de sus libros y la filosofía. Arabs created intricate forms of versification and wrote poems of exquisite beauty. Árabes crearon formas complejas de la versificación y escribió poemas de exquisita belleza. They produced numerous works of literature criticism, wrote voluminous histories, and made innumerable translations. Se produjo numerosos trabajos de crítica la literatura, escribió historias voluminosas, e hizo innumerables traducciones.
Above all, Arabs established one of the great religions of the world. Por encima de todo, los árabes establecieron una de las grandes religiones del mundo. Its unifying power is attested by the fact, that although scattered and separated by allegiance to various political states, they are in the very real sense ONE nation of Islam. Su poder unificador es atestiguado por el hecho de que, aunque dispersos y separados por lealtad a varios estados políticos, están en el verdadero sentido de una nación del Islam. With all these contributions, Arabs and Islam in the perceptions of westerners including Americans have negative meanings and almost always used with little respect and appreciation. Con estas contribuciones, todos los árabes y el Islam en las percepciones de los occidentales como los estadounidenses tienen un significado negativo y casi siempre se utiliza con poco respeto y aprecio. Is there a lack of knowledge about Arabs and Muslims? ¿Hay una falta de conocimiento acerca de los árabes y los musulmanes? Or is there a lack of interest in Arabs and Muslims? Or is there an international neglect to a great people and great religion? ¿O hay una falta de interés en los árabes y los musulmanes? ¿O hay un abandono internacional para un gran pueblo y gran religión? The British writers, Peter Mansfield in his book, “The Arabs” tells a story of Americans in ARAMCO schools. Los escritores británicos, Peter Mansfield en su libro, "Los árabes", cuenta una historia de los estadounidenses en las escuelas ARAMCO. Students were asked some questions to test their knowledge about Arabs and Islam like: Who is the Arab? Los estudiantes se les preguntó algunas preguntas para poner a prueba sus conocimientos acerca de los árabes y el Islam como: ¿Quién es el árabe? What is Islam? ¿Qué es el Islam? And Who is the Prophet Muhammad? Y ¿Quién es el Profeta Muhammad? The answer was that the “Arabic” is a Bedouin wearing a “djellabia” (a long piece dress), carrying an old pistol (or dagger), a camel jockey, in his way to attack his neighbors. About “Islam” their answers were as follows: Islam is a luck game like bridge; Islam is mysterious faith created by the KKK in the United States south. La respuesta fue que el "árabe" es un beduino que llevaba un "djellabia" (una pieza de vestir de largo), llevando una pistola de edad (o daga), un jinete de camellos, en su manera de atacar a sus vecinos. Sobre el Islam "sus" respuestas fueron los siguientes: el Islam es un juego de suerte como el puente, el Islam es la fe misterioso creado por el Ku Klux Klan en el sur de Estados Unidos. Islam is an American Masonic organization, its members wear strange dresses. El Islam es una organización Masónica Americana, sus miembros usan vestidos extraños. About the Prophet “Muhammad”, the answers were no less humor, Muhammad is the author of one thousand and one night, Muhammad is an American Niger, and Muhammad has something related to mountain. Acerca del profeta "Mahoma", las respuestas no eran menos humor, Mahoma es el autor de mil y una noche, Muhammad es un Níger americano, y Muhammad tiene algo relacionado con la montaña. Peter Mansfield commented on such answers by saying: “It is obvious that these answers were indications of ignorant persons who wanted to cover up their lack of knowledge.” Films produced by Hollywood almost always portray Arabs in negative terms. Peter Mansfield comentario a tales respuestas, diciendo: "Es obvio que estas respuestas fueron las indicaciones de las personas ignorantes que quería ocultar su falta de conocimiento." Producido películas de Hollywood casi siempre representan los árabes en términos negativos. They are either “extremely wealthy” “barbaric and backward”, or “sex maniacs”. Ellos son "muy rico", "bárbaros y atrasados", o "maniacos sexuales". These myths can be depicted from Valentino's “the Cheik” through Goldie Hawn's “Protocol”. Estos mitos pueden ser representados de Valentino "el Cheik" a través de Goldie Hawn en "Protocolo". In “Lawrence of Arabia”, Arabs were depicted as backward, divided, cruel, cowardly, decadent people, and back sappers. En "Lawrence de Arabia", los árabes fueron representados como hacia atrás, dividido, cruel, decadente la gente cobarde y zapadores espalda. Many critics think that is the way most Americans still think of them. Muchos críticos creen que es la forma más estadounidenses todavía piensa en ellos.
On television entertainment, viewers are regularly treated to “Patently racist caricatures of Muslims”. As one put it: “villains in todays' “TV movies are likely to be Arabs when they are not South American drug lords, inscrutable rich Asians, Nazi like Europeans or corrupt like Wall Street financiers.” (Smith 1991) Some writers in the United States began show injustices practiced against Arabs and Muslims, for example, Ostrow, a free-lance writer describes these stereotypes as part of a simple shorthand to let audiences know who was in charge, who was subservient, and who was the villain.” In 1991-2, reports from the Middle East rarely treated the Arabs as people with families who worry about their children's future or their environment. El entretenimiento por televisión, los espectadores se tratan regularmente con "evidentemente caricaturas racistas de los musulmanes". Como poner uno que "villanos en el actual" películas para televisión es probable que los árabes cuando no son señores de la droga de América del Sur, inescrutable asiáticos ricos, como los nazis europeos o corruptos como financistas de Wall Street. "(Smith, 1991) Algunos escritores en los Estados Unidos comenzó a mostrar las injusticias que se practican contra los árabes y musulmanes, por ejemplo, Ostrow, un lanza-escritora describe estos estereotipos como parte de un atajo sencillo para que el público saber quién estaba a cargo, que estaba subordinada, y que fue el villano. "En 1991-2, los informes de Oriente Medio rara vez se trata a los árabes como personas con familias que se preocupan por el futuro de sus hijos o su entorno. Arab deaths were discounted by the government and repeated by the media as “collateral damages”. muertes árabes fueron descontados por el gobierno y repetida por los medios de comunicación como "daños colaterales". The Arab point of view in many instances, was left out of the story. This may be overstatement, but this is a complaint worthy of reflection. El punto de vista árabe, en muchos casos, ha quedado fuera de la historia. Esto puede ser exagerado, pero esta es una queja digna de reflexión. To conclude this article, the writer is optimistic about the future of race relations in the United States, but not sure about Europe, (France, Germany, Spain, England, etc.,) Because the American public as I interacted with it, is open to new experiences, eager for information, and knowledge about other cultures especially Arabs and Muslims. Para concluir este artículo, el escritor se muestra optimista sobre el futuro de las relaciones raciales en los Estados Unidos, pero no está seguro acerca de Europa, (Francia, Alemania, España, Inglaterra, etc,) Debido a que el público estadounidense como interactuaron con él, es abierto a nuevas experiencias, ávidos de información y conocimientos sobre otras culturas, especialmente los árabes y musulmanes. It is this openness which give us the hope to communicate for more understanding among the diverse groups of the American society. Es esta apertura que nos da la esperanza de comunicarse para obtener más entendimiento entre los diversos grupos de la sociedad americana. American policy- makers as well as the public are more apt to deal with minority groups on the grounds of justice and human rights slogans. Los políticos estadounidenses, así como el público son más aptos para hacer frente a los grupos minoritarios sobre la base de la justicia y los derechos humanos consignas. I believe that if these slogans were applied equally to the diverse cultures of the American society, including Arabs and Muslims, then education, awareness, interaction, and communication will increase reciprocal positive area of misconceptions. Yo creo que si estas consignas se aplica por igual a las diversas culturas de la sociedad estadounidense, incluyendo a los árabes y los musulmanes, entonces la educación, la sensibilización, la interacción y comunicación incremento positivo área recíproco de ideas falsas. As a consequence, the area of compromising may be enlarged to give more chance for peaceful resolutions of race relations and conflict. Como consecuencia, el área de poner en peligro puede ser ampliada para dar más posibilidades de resolución pacífica de las relaciones raciales y los conflictos.
Book Review: Middle Eastern Tales Reseña de libro: Cuentos de Oriente Medio
55 Stories 4 Kids - 55 Historias de 4 Kids - Arabic Version, Author: Hasan Yahya, Ph.D, Createspace-Amazon (2008) $18.99.), 116 p. (Ages 3 – 12). Versión árabe, Autor: Yahya Hasan, Ph.D, CreateSpace-Amazonas (2008) $ 18.99).), 116 p. (edades 3-12.
When a highly educated person write about a serious subject for kids , Cuando una persona altamente educada escribir sobre un tema serio para los niños, we all should benefit from his/her insights. que todos deben beneficiarse de / sus puntos de vista.
Prof. Yahya tops his books with this one which reflects some of his knowledge about best stories to make children learn and think to build certain ethics. Prof. Yahya tapas de sus libros con éste que refleja algunos de sus conocimientos sobre las mejores historias para hacer que los niños aprender y pensar para construir la ética determinada. Culturally the book presents various faraway lands stories, in simple Arabic language, to be used by parents and grandparents to narrate before sleeping, or any time of the day. A good gift for familial occasions. Families with kids from 3 to 12 years of age. Culturalmente el libro presenta varias historias de tierras lejanas, en un lenguaje sencillo árabe, para ser utilizado por padres y abuelos para contar antes de dormir, o en cualquier momento del día. Un buen regalo para las ocasiones familiares. Las familias con niños de 3 a 12 años de edad .
The author starts with The crow and the Duck, the Frog and Ox, the hare and the Tortoise tales and ends with and his Dog The Hunter El autor comienza con El gallo y el pato, la rana y el buey, la liebre y la tortuga cuentos y termina con su perro y el cazador , and , Y The Fox and the Grapes La zorra y las uvas tales. cuentos.
With this book, Yahya makes an important contribution to the development of a planetary consciousness so needed in these full of stress times searching for kids stories. Con este libro, Yahya hace una importante contribución al desarrollo de una conciencia planetaria, tan necesaria en estos tiempos llenos de tensión en busca de historias para niños. Our children need literature to make their imagination travels easily and smoothly in the dream lives of the actors of the stories. Nuestros niños necesitan la literatura para hacer su imaginación viaja con facilidad y sin problemas en la vida el sueño de los actores de las historias. The stories are fables collected and written in simple Arabic language to be read by parents and grandparents to their love ones. Las historias son fábulas recopilado y escrito en un lenguaje sencillo árabe para ser leído por los padres y abuelos a amar sus seres. May be the most story telling appealing for kids. Puede ser la más atractiva la narración de historias para niños. Professor Yahya in this book, is very influential in his style of narration. Profesor Yahya en este libro, es muy influyentes en su estilo de narración.
In his introduction Prof. Yahya described his purpose of writing the stories. En su introducción el Prof. Yahya describió su propósito de escribir las historias. He writes: “I have decided to do something in my old age, I tried to write the fable tales for my grandchildren to tell them before or after sleep. Él escribe: "He decidido hacer algo en mi vejez, he tratado de escribir los cuentos de fábula para mis nietos para decirles antes o después de dormir. I collected anecdotes, first from what my grandma was telling me He recogido anécdotas, primero de lo que mi abuela me decía about in my childhood, even though she was illiterate, like my grandpa, who used to tell us stories when he was in the army, at the beginning of the twentieth century. Their tales still wandering in my imaginative side of my brain. Other tales I remember from my school curriculum, in my second to fifth grade. acerca de mi infancia, a pesar de que era analfabeta, al igual que mi abuelo, que nos contaba historias de cuando él estaba en el ejército, a comienzos del siglo XX. Sus cuentos siguen vagando por mi lado imaginativo de mi cerebro. Otros cuentos Me acuerdo de mi plan de estudios, en mi segundo a quinto grado. I also included tales from far away lands, like China, Persia, Rome , También incluye cuentos de tierras lejanas, como China, Persia, Roma, Africa , and my-now-country, the United States. África, y mi país-ahora, los Estados Unidos. The literature is almost full of great writers, politicians, and teachers, who give examples when they talk or wrote, or describe, or explain. It is a wise method to use, to make people wonder, and begin to apply some ideas or thoughts to those who cannot-for any reason, mentally, or physically-understand. It La literatura está casi lleno de grandes escritores, políticos y profesores, que dan ejemplos cuando se habla o escribe, o describir o explicar. Es un método racional de usar, para que la gente se pregunta, y comenzar a aplicar algunas ideas o pensamientos a aquellos que no pueden, por cualquier razón, mental o físicamente-entender. is the wisdom, old and new, in these fable tales, and anecdotes, which force me to write this number of fables and tales. es la sabiduría, antiguos y nuevos, en estos cuentos fábula, y anécdotas, que me obligan a escribir esta serie de fábulas y cuentos. I believe , literate, illiterate, or even highly educated anywhere on earth are in serious need to learn in order to live in peace.” Yo creo, leer y escribir, analfabetos, o incluso alto nivel de educación en cualquier parte de la tierra están en grave necesidad de aprender para vivir en paz. "
I agree with the writer, in his sincere feelings working toward learning to promote peace in this world. Estoy de acuerdo con el escritor, en sus sentimientos sinceros de trabajo hacia el aprendizaje para promover la paz en este mundo. In general the book was published twice in a short period. En general, el libro fue publicado dos veces en un período corto. (493 words) www.dryahyatv.com (493 palabras) www.dryahyatv.com
Eid al-Adha: A Great Occasion for Muslims Eid al-Adha: una gran ocasión para los musulmanes
Hasan A. Yahya, Ph.Ds Hasan Yahya A., Ph.D.
This article is written for Muslims and non-Muslims for knowledge and understanding between cultures. Este artículo está escrito para los musulmanes y no musulmanes para el conocimiento y la comprensión entre las culturas. After reading this article, you will gain some knowledge about a misunderstood Islamic occasions , sometimes among its followers. Después de leer este artículo, usted ganará un poco de conocimiento acerca de una Islámica ocasiones mal entendido, a veces entre sus seguidores. Yes, a lot of them think that this Eid is so cruel to sheep and is so uncivilized. Because they did not know the reasons for this Eid ,Or they do judge the act from the outside. Sí, muchos de ellos piensan que esta Eid es tan cruel con las ovejas y es tan incivilizados. Debido a que no sabía las razones de esta Eid, o que juzgan el acto desde el exterior. It's just an invitation to take a deeper look on the occasion. Es sólo una invitación a tomar una mirada más profunda en la ocasión.
1. 1. Eid al-Adha is one of the two main occasions for Muslim to celebrate. Eid al-Adha es una de las dos ocasiones principales para los musulmanes para celebrar. The occasion is to share those who went for pilgrimage to Makka each year. La ocasión es compartir los que iban de peregrinación a La Meca cada año. Almost about three million people gather each year to perform the fifth principle in Muslim Faith. Casi tres millones de personas se reúnen cada año para llevar a cabo el quinto principio de la fe musulmana. After Shahadatayn, prayer, fasting and giving alms or Zakat. Muslim have to eat meat (Sheep, Cows, and checkens, are legal, but pork like in the Jewish faith is illegal).Eid Al Adha, means the “Fest of Sacrifice”. Muslims celebrate it in remembrance of the story of prophet Ibrahim. Después de Shahadatayn, la oración, el ayuno y la limosna o zakat musulmán. Tienes que comer carne (ovejas, vacas, y checkens, son legales, pero de carne de cerdo como en la fe judía es ilegal). Eid Al Adha, significa la "Fiesta del Sacrificio" . musulmanes lo celebran en recuerdo de la historia del profeta Ibrahim. As you know God tests us all the time. Como usted sabe Dios nos pone a prueba todo el tiempo. And God wanted Ibrahim to prove his strong belief in him by checking if he'd do anything for the love of God. Y Dios quiso Ibrahim para demostrar su firme creencia en él comprobando si haría cualquier cosa por el amor de Dios. So God asked him to kill his own son, which is something impossible normally, and which was so harsh on Ibrahim, but still he chose to fulfill God's will and sacrifice his son. Así que Dios le pidió que matara a su propio hijo, que es algo imposible con normalidad, y que era tan duro con Ibrahim, pero él eligió para cumplir la voluntad de Dios y sacrificar a su hijo. But the minute he was about to kill his son, God replaced the boy with a sheep to be killed instead of the boy as a reward for his strong belief, proving once again that God tests people's faith but is never willing to hurt them. Pero en el momento que estaba a punto de matar a su hijo, Dios sustituye al niño con un cordero a matar en lugar del niño como una recompensa por su firme convicción, lo que demuestra una vez más que la gente prueba la fe de Dios, pero nunca está dispuesto a hacerles daño.
2. 2. Eid Al Adha is an occasion to remember God's mercy and the devotion and faith of the believers. Eid Al-Adha es una ocasión para recordar la misericordia de Dios y la devoción y la fe de los creyentes. It's an occasion to share the poor and give them a chance to eat meat that they can't afford. Es una ocasión para compartir los pobres y darles la oportunidad de comer carne que no pueden permitirse. If you can afford buying a sheep, then never forget to donate as much as you can for the poor, this is the spirit of Eid Al Adha, it's not about showing off nor stuffing yourself with different meat dishes. Si usted puede permitirse comprar una oveja, a continuación, nunca te olvides de donar todo lo que puede para los pobres, este es el espíritu de Eid Al Adha, no se trata de apantallar ni relleno de sí mismo con diferentes platos de carne. And make sure you use appropriate places for the purpose of slaughtering, and streets aren't the place for sure. Y asegúrese de usar los lugares apropiados para el objeto del sacrificio, y las calles no son el lugar seguro. Yet the difference between what God asked us to do and what people are actually doing is what destroyed the balance of nature. Sin embargo, la diferencia entre lo que Dios nos pide hacer y lo que la gente que realmente está haciendo es lo que destruye el equilibrio de la naturaleza. God asked us to be good to other creatures, care for them and when we need them, we should do our best not to hurt them. Dios nos pide que ser bueno para otras criaturas, el cuidado de ellos y cuando los necesitamos, debemos hacer nuestro mejor esfuerzo para no hacerles daño. You shouldn't cut off the leaves of a plant for fun, you shouldn't burn it and you should use it in a gentle way. No se debe cortar las hojas de una planta para la diversión, no debe quemarse y que se debe utilizar de una manera suave. Just like animals, you shouldn't torture them and you shouldn't use them in a bad way. Al igual que los animales, no deberías tortura y no debe utilizarlos de una manera mala. So no negative use, but you can still use them. Por lo que no uso negativo, pero todavía se pueden utilizar. “I will not "No voy a eat meat. comer carne. I don't want to have Mad Cow Disease”, anyone who says this has the right to be scared, but the problem won't be solved that way. No quiero tener la vaca loca ", quien dice que este tiene derecho a tener miedo, pero el problema no será resuelto de esa manera. We wouldn't have got Mad Cow Disease nor Birds' flue or any other animal disease if we took the right precautions before eating their meat. No habría llegado la vaca loca ni 'Pájaros de combustión o cualquier otra enfermedad de origen animal, si tomamos las precauciones adecuadas antes de comer su carne. And God has created us all to live together and improve. Y Dios nos ha creado a todos a vivir juntos y mejorar. Animals eat plants and other animals and sometimes humans. Los animales comen plantas y otros animales y, a veces los seres humanos. And Humans eat plants and animals and some plants eat other plants and insects and live on the rest of dead bodies. Los seres humanos y se alimentan de plantas y animales y algunas plantas se alimentan de plantas y otros insectos y viven en el resto de los cadáveres. We're all created as a natural circle and practice loyalty to God. To justify this point, many people might not be satisfied with this argument, but it's serious, actually a lot of normal people test others' loyalty towards them in different ways. Todos somos creados como un círculo natural de la práctica y la lealtad a Dios. Para justificar este punto, muchas personas no pueden estar satisfechos con este argumento, pero es en serio, en realidad un montón de gente "normal probar la lealtad de los demás hacia ellos de diferentes maneras. Men test women's love, women test men's loyalty, kids test their family's appreciation, friends test each other's trust… etc. Some ways could be reasonable like for example a father asking his son to stop smoking to show his love for his dad, or a mother asking her little girl to eat all her dish to prove her love for her mom. la mujer prueba el amor de los hombres, los hombres de la prueba de la lealtad las mujeres, los niños de ensayo de la familia de la apreciación de los casos, los amigos de ensayo de los demás la confianza ... etc Algunas de las maneras puede ser razonable, como por ejemplo, un padre pide a su hijo para dejar de fumar para mostrar su amor por su padre, o un madre que pregunta a su niña a comer a todos sus platos para probar su amor por su madre. And some are silly, like a woman asking her husband to sell the dearest thing he has just to prove his love for her. Y algunas son tontas, como una mujer pidiendo a su esposo a vender las cosas más bonitas que acaba de demostrar su amor por ella. Or a guy asking a girl to forget about the whole world and run away with him to a new place where he has no life and no future at all, just to prove her love for him... O un chico pidiendo una chica para olvidarse de todo el mundo y huir con él a un nuevo lugar en el que no tiene vida ni futuro en absoluto, sólo para demostrar su amor por él ... But the difference between God's testing and people's testing is that God just tests and isn't waiting for things to actually happen, and God rewards without you even doing the thing. God wants nothing in return. Pero la diferencia entre la prueba de Dios y de pruebas de las personas es que Dios acaba de pruebas y no está esperando que las cosas sucedan en realidad, y Dios recompensa sin que ni siquiera hacer las cosas. Dios no quiere nada a cambio. But people, we ask, we want things to be done our way, and then we're just “pleased”. Pero la gente, le pedimos, queremos que las cosas se hagan a nuestra manera, y sólo estamos "satisfechos". No rewards but a “thank you” that might not even come from the bottom of the heart. No hay premios, pero un "gracias" que incluso podría no proceder de la parte inferior del corazón.
3. 3. Eid al-Adha is an act celebrated to please God and have His forgiveness, no matter what logic behind it. Eid al-Adha es un acto celebrado para agradar a Dios y que Su perdón, no importa lo que la lógica detrás de él. Some people believe as animal friends and call for the rights of animals and all, when they actually aren't any different from those who eat animal meat. Algunas personas creen que como amigos de los animales y la convocatoria de los derechos de los animales y todo, cuando en realidad no son diferentes de los que comen carne de animales. It is a fact, that we all eat, some eat everything, some eat only vegetables, or fruits or serials. Es un hecho, que todos comen, comen un poco de todo, algunos solo comen vegetales, o frutas o series. The thing is when you eat vegetables you are eating living creatures as well. La cosa es que cuando usted come verduras que comen los seres vivos también. And if something doesn't have eyes nor legs, or if it doesn't have a mouth, that doesn't mean it's dead! Y si hay algo que no tiene ojos, ni piernas, o si no tiene una boca, que no quiere decir que está muerto! Plants are alive, they have souls, they have families, a grand tree, a baby plant … they're just like all other living creatures. Las plantas están vivas, tienen alma, tienen familias, un árbol grande, una planta de bebé ... son como todos los demás seres vivos.
4. 4. One more point I have to explain here, concerning some words describe meat in the super-markets such as “Halal” meat. Un punto más que tengo que explicar aquí, en relación con algunas palabras describen la carne en el super-mercados como "Halal" de la carne. It means it was slaughtered following Islamic Esto significa que se ha sacrificado siguientes Islámica instructions , which are: taking a healthy animal (sheep, cow, chicken..), then saying: “In the name of God the Merciful” to it (yes you should talk to it to calm it down and show respect to its soul as well as mercy for its body) and then quickly cut a certain vein in a certain point in the neck. instrucciones, que son: tener un animal sano (oveja, vaca, pollo ..), a continuación, diciendo: "En el nombre de Dios, el Misericordioso" a él (si usted debe hablar con ella para calmarse y mostrar respeto a su alma así como de la misericordia de su cuerpo) y luego rápidamente cortar una vena en particular en un cierto punto en el cuello. And if you make a quick research you'll find out that it's the best way for both the animal and the human, why? Y si usted hace una búsqueda rápida te darás cuenta que es la mejor manera tanto para el animal y lo humano, ¿por qué? For the animal because it's so quick, and hits the point where pain is felt the least, so it doesn't hurt the animal at all, opposite to using electric shocks and stuff which leaves the animal suffering before it's dead. Para el animal porque es muy rápida, y pega en el punto donde el dolor se siente menos, por lo que no hace daño al animal en absoluto, frente a la utilización de descargas eléctricas y otras cosas que deja el sufrimiento de los animales antes de que sea muerto. And good for the humans because this cut vein releases excess old blood (following scientific pressure rules) leaving the body with only pure fresh blood that was newly generated and that will be easily took out of the body while cooking. Y bueno para los humanos porque este corte de vena versiones antiguas exceso de sangre (a raíz de la presión de las normas científicas) que sale del cuerpo con sólo sangre fresca pura que se ha generado recientemente y que se sacó fácilmente del cuerpo durante la cocción. Oh, and last but not least, the released blood should be cleaned away. Ah, y por último pero no menos importante, la sangre liberada debe limpiarse de inmediato. (1150 words) www.dryahyatv.vom (1150 palabras) www.dryahyatv.vom
Muslims Around the World Musulmanes de todo el mundo
Muslims these days from Westerners point of view, are causing fear and despair among them, especially after 9/11 attack on the United States of America. Los musulmanes en estos días, desde el punto de vista de los occidentales, están causando temor y desesperación entre ellos, especialmente después del 9 / 11 ataque a los Estados Unidos de América. However, Muslims exist in almost every country around the globe. Sin embargo, los musulmanes existen en casi todos los países del mundo. A total of more than Un total de más de 400 million Muslim live outside the Muslim and Arab countries. 400 millones musulmanes viven fuera de los musulmanes y los países árabes. In China for example, Muslims consists over 110 millions, in India over 100 million, and in the former Soviet Union live more than 50 million Muslim. En China, por ejemplo, los musulmanes se compone de más de 110 millones, en la India más de 100 millones de dólares, y en la ex Unión Soviética viven más de 50 millones de musulmanes.
In the Western nations, however, numbers of Muslims are much less. En los países occidentales, sin embargo, el número de los musulmanes son mucho menos. For example, In the United States the estimated number is between 3 and 10 millions. Por ejemplo, en los Estados Unidos el número estimado es de entre 3 y 10 millones de personas. In France, over 4 millions, in Germany the number exceeds three millions, and the United Kingdom over three millions. En Francia, más de 4 millones, en Alemania el número supera los tres millones, y el Reino Unido más de tres millones de personas. (Yahya 1991) (Yahya 1991)
Muslim organizations in these countries were supported largely by Saudi Arabia, the nationalist organizations were supported by Jamal abdul Naser of Egypt, and Muammar al-Qaddafi of Libya in the early years, nonetheless , organizaciones musulmanas en estos países contaron con el apoyo en gran parte por Arabia Saudita, las organizaciones nacionalistas con el apoyo de Jamal Abdul Nasser de Egipto, y Muammar al-Gaddafi de Libia en los primeros años, sin embargo, Organizations were limited to follow their supporters and sponsors. Las organizaciones se limitaban a seguir sus seguidores y patrocinadores. In other words, they become irrational organizations with no room for liberal to take part in these organizations. En otras palabras, se convierten en organizaciones irracional sin lugar a liberales a participar en estas organizaciones. The traditional way of dealing with these organizations, in my opinion, is totally direct Muslims toward sharp divisions as conservatists-authoritarianists-fundamentalists , La forma tradicional de hacer frente a estas organizaciones, en mi opinión, es totalmente directa hacia los musulmanes profundas divisiones como conservatists-authoritarianists-fundamentalistas, and liberalists-democratic-secularists. y liberalistas-democrática-secularistas. I think , the sharp division was not only among Muslim organizations, but between Muslims and non-Muslims as well. Creo que, la marcada división no sólo entre las organizaciones de musulmanes, sino entre musulmanes y no musulmanes también. And that is the problem. Y ese es el problema. If liberals were called (non-believers, and Kafirs) according to first division (especially the fundamentalists), what would be the non-Muslims. Si los liberales fueron llamados (los no creyentes, y cafres) de acuerdo a la primera división (especialmente los fundamentalistas), lo que sería la no-musulmanes. It is worse than kafir, in their opinion. Es peor que kafir, en su opinión.
Does this situation changed through the years, the 9/11 tells us, that the fundamentalist were more active than secularists. ¿Esta situación cambió con los años, el 9 / 11 nos dice, que los fundamentalistas eran más activos que los secularistas. This situation can be perceived in the Arab and Muslim nations. Esta situación se puede percibir en el musulmán y las naciones árabes. Mosques and local everyday practices , are dividing people in the same community. Mezquitas y las prácticas locales de todos los días, son dividir a la gente en la misma comunidad. If the lack of rational and liberal organizational practices continue to disappear fro the political and social systems, instability, disorder , Si la falta de organización y liberal prácticas racionales siguen desapareciendo lado a otro y social de los sistemas políticos, la inestabilidad, el desorden, and conflict are expected to rise. y el conflicto se espera que aumente. The temporary political regimes wanted from the beginning that traditionalism to continue, for a simple reason, if people have democracy, justice and freedom of political participation, they will force change in the political arena, and expel many rulers from their thrones. Los regímenes políticos temporales quería desde el principio que el tradicionalismo de continuar, por una sencilla razón, si la gente tiene, la justicia la democracia y la libertad de participación política, que va a forzar un cambio en la arena política, y expulsar a muchos gobernantes de sus tronos.
Unfortunately, even though the appeal for social and political change is a global one, the liberalist Western countries promote the opposite. Desafortunadamente, a pesar de que el recurso de casación para el cambio social y político es de ámbito mundial, los países de los liberal promover lo contrario. They stand with these temporary leaders for their common interest. Ellos están con estos líderes temporal para su interés común. But how long this will persist? Pero cuánto tiempo se mantendrá? Change is coming, slowly, perhaps, but it is coming. El cambio está llegando, poco a poco, tal vez, pero se acerca. Theories of civilization and nation decline and history are the best to tell. Las teorías de la civilización y la decadencia nacional y la historia son los mejores que contar.
Islam, and Muslims in North America El Islam y los musulmanes en América del Norte
In large measure, we are what our loyalties are: Loyalties to a family, to a tribe, a caste, a class, a neighborhood, a religion, a nation, an ideology, or more realistically, a combination of many of these . (Cantril, 1976, p. 15) En gran medida, somos lo que nuestras lealtades son: una familia, una tribu, una casta, una clase, un barrio, una religión, una nación, una ideología, o más, de manera realista una combinación de muchas de estas. Lealtades ( Cantril, 1976, p. 15)
In this study, the writer examined the role of religion in formulating people's opinions and investigated satisfaction among members of a particular religious institution. En este estudio, el autor examina el papel de la religión en la formulación de opiniones de las personas investigadas y satisfacción entre los miembros de una institución religiosa en particular. The review of related literature and research represents an attempt to draw together certain key ideas concerning factors that influence the satisfaction of Muslim organization members. La revisión de la literatura y la investigación representa un intento de reunir ciertas ideas clave sobre los factores que influyen en la satisfacción de los miembros de la organización musulmana. Included in the first section are a discussion of Islamic beliefs and practices and a historical background of Muslims in North America . Related organizational theories are discussed in the second section, The third section covers research on life satisfaction and contextual variables. Incluido en la primera sección es una discusión de las creencias y prácticas islámicas y los antecedentes históricos de los musulmanes en América del Norte. Relacionados teorías organizacionales son discutidos en la sección segunda, la tercera sección se incluye la investigación sobre la satisfacción con la vida y las variables contextuales. An integration of the three preceding sections concludes the chapter. Una integración de las tres secciones anteriores, concluye el capítulo.
Islam and Muslims, Historical Background Islam y los musulmanes, Antecedentes históricos
The Muslim World today can be linked to an eagle. El mundo musulmán hoy en día se puede vincular a un águila. Its body is the Arabian peninsula (from South Yemen in the South to Turkey in the North), and its two wings represent the east Asian (from Pakistan to Indonesia) and the African Islamic nations - mostly Arabs- (from Egypt to Sierra Leone). Su cuerpo es la península arábiga (Yemen del Sur en el Sur de Turquía en el norte), y sus dos alas representan el este de Asia (desde Pakistán a Indonesia) y las naciones islámicas de África - en su mayoría árabes (desde Egipto a Sierra Leona) .
Whether or not this description is accurate, it is useful in dividing the Muslim nations into three Units in terms of their geographic characteristics. Sea o no esta descripción es exacta, es útil en la división de las naciones musulmanas en tres unidades en términos de sus características geográficas. Later in this book, we will cover these characteristic in detail. Más adelante en este libro, vamos a cubrir estas características en detalle.
In terms of religion, in the last part of the sixth century, an illiterate Beduin Arab renewed what was forgotten of the religion of Abraham, Ismael, Isaac, Jacob, and Jesus and created through the revelations contained in the Qur'n the social rules and laws of equality, brotherhood, and justice. Muhammad (pbuh), son of Abdullah and A'minah, was the successful pioneer for social change. En términos de religión, en la última parte del siglo VI, un analfabeto árabes beduinos renovada lo que quedó en el olvido de la religión de Abraham, Ismael, Isaac, Jacob, y Jesús y creó a través de las revelaciones contenidas en el Qur'n las normas sociales y las leyes de la igualdad, la fraternidad y la justicia. Muhammad (la paz sea con él), hijo de Abdullah y A'minah, fue el pionero de éxito para el cambio social. His qualifications were simply revelations from Allah (swt). Sus calificaciones eran simplemente revelaciones de Alá (swt). The revealed message was called the Qur'an, and the new religion was named Islam, the religion of God. El mensaje revelado fue llamado el Corán, y la nueva religión fue nombrado el Islam, la religión de Dios.
Muslims, therefore, took their name from their religion and not from Muhammad, the messenger of God. Los musulmanes, por lo tanto, tomó su nombre de su religión y no de Mahoma, el mensajero de Dios. Some orientalists have erroneously called Muslims “Muhammadans” and called Islam “Muhammadanism” (Bib, 1953; Goldziher, 1988,; Schacht, 1950). Algunos orientalistas han llamado erróneamente los musulmanes "mahometanos", y pidió el Islam "mahometanismo" (Bib, 1953; Goldziher de 1988, Schacht, 1950).
Explaining this point further, Crag (1975) stated: Al explicar este punto, el Peñasco (1975) afirmó:
The great Arab-born monotheism of Asia and Africa is unique among faiths in being denoted by a term that is also common name. El conflicto árabe-nació el monoteísmo grandes de Asia y África es única entre las religiones de ser indicado por un término que es también el nombre común. Hinduism takes its name from a land and a river, Buddhism from the meaning of Hinduismo toma su nombre de una tierra y un río, el budismo del significado de a founder figure, Judaism from people, Christianity from the concept and achievement of “the Messiah.” Islam which is never properly called una figura fundadora, el judaísmo de la gente, el cristianismo desde el concepto y el logro de "el Mesías." Islam, que no es propiamente
“ Muhammadanism” "Mahometanismo" differs from all of these. se diferencia de todos ellos. (p. 5) (P. 5)
To understand the unique role that Islam plays in the Muslim's life, it is necessary to explain some important terms and principles of the Islamic Faith. Para comprender el papel singular que el Islam juega en la vida del musulmán, es necesario explicar algunos conceptos importantes y principios de la fe islámica. The basic Islamic beliefs and practices are discussed briefly in the following section. La Comisión Islámica creencias básicas y prácticas se discuten brevemente en la siguiente sección.
Islamic Terms, Islamic Beliefs, and Practice Términos islámicos, creencias islámicas, y la práctica
1. 1. Islamic Terms: Términos islámicos:
Allah Akbar : God is the greatest Alá Akbar, Dios es el más grande
above all. por encima de todo.
Qur'an: The collection of the laws revealed by God (SWT) to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through the angel Gabriel Al-Rouh Al- Amin( the Honest Spirit, PBUH). Corán: La colección de las leyes reveladas por Dios (SWT) al Profeta (la paz sea con él) a través del ángel Gabriel Rouh Al-Al-Amin (el Espíritu honesto, paz sea con él). It explain everything (Q 12:111), and everything is clear in it (Q 44:3); it overlooks nothing (Q 6:38). Se explica todo (Q 12:111), y todo está claro en el mismo (Q 44:3), sino que pasa por alto nada (Q 6:38).
Sunnah : Sunnah: The way of the Prophet (PBUH), his sayings, his practices, and his approved acts. El camino del Profeta (la paz sea con él), sus dichos, sus prácticas y sus actos aprobados.
Halal: Legal activities as fixed in the Qur'an and the Sunnah, to be practiced by Muslims in their everyday lives. Halal: Actividades jurídicas fijadas en el Corán y la Sunna, que se practica por los musulmanes en su vida cotidiana.
Haram: Illegal activities as fixed in the Qur'an and the Sunnah, to be avoided by Muslims in their everyday lives. Haram: Las actividades ilegales como fijo en el Corán y la Sunnah, que deben evitarse por los musulmanes en su vida cotidiana.
Salah: Muslim prayer performed five times a day, individually or collectively. Salah: la oración musulmana realiza cinco veces al día, de forma individual o colectiva.
Friday prayer: A weekly noon prayer, its condition to be performed collectively with traditional steps; otherwise it is performed as Thuhur (noon) prayer. la oración del viernes: Una oración del mediodía por semana, su condición de realizarse de forma colectiva con los pasos tradicionales, de lo contrario se realiza como Thuhur (mediodía) la oración.
Hajj: Pilgrimage, performed once in a lifetime of every physiologically, psychologically, and financially able Muslim. Hayy: Peregrinación, se realiza una vez en la vida de cada fisiológica, psicológica y financieramente capaz de musulmanes. The Hajj is performed by visiting the Holy Ka'abah in Makkah, with special arrangements of dress and acts. La peregrinación se realiza visitando el Kaabah Santo en La Meca, con arreglos especiales de vestir y los actos.
Seyam: Fasting (29 or 30 days) in the month of Ramadhan, when Muslims avoid food and drink from before dawn to sunset. Seyam: El ayuno (29 o 30 días) en el mes de Ramadán, cuando los musulmanes evitar los alimentos y bebidas desde antes del amanecer hasta el atardecer.
Rebaa: Charging interest without sharing profits and losses; it is prohibited by Islamic law. Rebaa: el interés de carga sin compartir las ganancias y pérdidas, sino que está prohibido por la ley islámica.
Bida'h : Innovation in the religious sense is bida'h (heresy) and something generally bad. Bida'h: Innovación en el sentido religioso es bida'h (herejía) y algo malo en general. It is the opposite of the sunnah , or path, which is the way of the Prophet (PBUH) or his community of Muslims. Es lo contrario de la Sunnah, o la ruta, que es la manera del Profeta (la paz sea con él) o su comunidad de los musulmanes.
SWT: Acronym for Allah usually used after the name of Allah (SWT). SWT: Acrónimo de Dios suele utilizar después de que el nombre de Allah (SWT). Literally “Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala,” meaning “Praise the Lord.” Literalmente "subhanahu wa Altísimo", que significa "Alabado sea el Señor."
PBUH: Acronym usually used after the mention of any of the Prophets (uhammad, Moses, Jesus, etc. ,[ PBUH]. PBUH Paz sea con él: Acrónimo utiliza generalmente después de la mención de cualquiera de los Profetas (uhammad, Moisés, Jesús, etc, [PB] paz sea con él. reads in Arabic, Salla Allahu Alayhi Wasallam,” which means “Peace Be Upon Him”. RAA: lee en árabe, Salla Allahu alayhi wa salam ", que significa" La paz sea con él "RAA.:
Eman: The belief in GOD, his messengers, the Day of Judgement, and al-Qadar, (the fate), whither it was good or bad. Eman: La creencia en Dios, sus mensajeros, el Día del Juicio, y Al-Qadar, (el destino), a donde fue bueno o malo.
Taqwa: the highest Taqwa: el más alto stage of Eman etapa de Eman
Surah: One condenced group of Ayat in one surah. The total of Sura's in Sura: Un grupo de Ayat condensada en una sura en. El total de la sura de
Qur'an is 114 . Corán es de 114.
Ayat : Verses of the holy Qur'an spread in the Sura's. Ayat: Versos del Corán santo difusión en la década de Sura. Some are short as one letter, others extended to many lines. Algunos son cortos como una carta, otros extendido a muchas líneas.
RAA: An acronym that follows the mention of the Prophet's companions and family; it literally reads “Radhia Allah Anhum,” meaning “Allah is pleased with them.” AAR: Un acrónimo que sigue a la mención de los compañeros del Profeta y su familia, sino que literalmente dice: "Alá Radhia anhum", que significa "Dios se complace con ellos."
2. 2. Islamic Beliefs and Practices, Las creencias y prácticas islámicas,
Some fundamentals of the Islamic belief are explained in this sction to help understand the group under investigation in this study. Algunos fundamentos de la fe islámica se explican en este sction para ayudar a entender el grupo objeto de la investigación en este estudio. Islam means the act of submitting or resigning oneself to God. Islam significa el acto de presentación, o resignarse a Dios. A Muslim is one who submits himself to one God, Allah. Un musulmán es aquel que se somete a un solo Dios, Alá. The basic belief of Muslims is to witness Allah as only God and Muhammad as the apostle of Allah. La creencia básica de los musulmanes es ser testigo de Dios como único Dios y Mahoma como el apóstol de Dios.
The six articles of faith, as revealed in the Qur'an, are as follows: belief in Allah, His angels, His apostles , Los seis artículos de fe, como está revelada en el Corán, son los siguientes: la creencia en Alá, Sus ángeles, Sus apóstoles, the Day of Judgement, and His predestination of good and evil. el Día del Juicio, y su predestinación del bien y del mal. Five obligatory practices are mentioned generally in the Qur'an and explained specifically in the Sunnah, the written words and actions of Muhammad. Cinco prácticas obligatorias se mencionan generalmente en el Corán y explicó concretamente en la Tradición, las palabras escritas y las acciones de Mahoma. These practices are: Estas prácticas son:
- Shahadah (recital of the creed): “There is no God but (one) God (Allah), and Muhammad is the messenger of God.” This linguistic symbol is used in each of the five prayer calls by Mu'athen (who call the believers to prayer) before prayer time. Shahadah (considerando del credo): "No hay más Dios que (uno) de Dios (Alá), y Muhammad es el mensajero de Dios." Este símbolo lingüístico se utiliza en cada una de las cinco llamadas oración Mu'athen (que se llaman los creyentes a la oración) antes de tiempo de oración. The place of prayer is usually the mosque or any other dry place considered legal by the Sunnah for performing prayers. El lugar de la oración es por lo general la mezquita o en cualquier otro lugar seco considerada legal por la Sunnah para realizar oraciones.
- Salah (prayer): The Muslim must pray at five specific times: before sunrise, at noon, early afternoon, sunset, and before bedtime. Salah (oración): Los musulmanes deben rezar cinco veces más específicos: antes del amanecer, al mediodía, tarde, puesta del sol, y antes de acostarse. In praying, the Muslim faces the Holy Ka'abah in Makkah. En la oración, los musulmanes se enfrenta a la Kaabah Santo en La Meca. While prayer in the mosque is encouraged, the Muslim can pray wherever he is. Mientras que la oración en la mezquita se anima, el musulmán puede orar dondequiera que esté. An exception is the Friday prayer, which is usually performed in a group, with special arrangements of religious speech and prayer. Una excepción es la oración del viernes, que se realiza generalmente en un grupo, con arreglos especiales de expresión religiosa y la oración. Prayer and alms are mentioned together several times in the Qur'an as good deeds to obtain God's approval. La oración y la limosna se mencionan varias veces juntos en el Corán como buenas obras para obtener la aprobación de Dios.
- Zakah (paying alms): El Zakat (limosna de pago): Each Muslim contributes (according to Islamic law) to help other Muslims. Cada musulmán contribuye (según la ley islámica) para ayudar a otros musulmanes. Almsgiving is usually devoted to the poor, the needy, the deptor, the traveler, and the official alms collectors. La limosna se suele dedicar a los pobres, los necesitados, los deptor, el viajero, y los colectores de limosnas oficiales. Nowadays, with the absence of an Islamic state, alms are left to the conscience of individual Muslims. Hoy en día, con la ausencia de un estado islámico, la limosna se deja a la conciencia de los musulmanes individuales.
- Seyam or Sawm (fasting): During Ramadhan, 29 or 30 days of the ninth Arabic month, adult Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset. Seyam o Sawm (en ayunas): Durante el Ramadán, 29 o 30 días del noveno mes árabe, los musulmanes ayunan adultos de sol a sol. At this time no food or drink may be taken. En este momento no hay comida o bebida se puede tomar. The fast usually ends with Eid al-Fitr, one of the two major Muslim festivals. El ayuno por lo general termina con la Eid al-Fitr, uno de los dos principales festividades musulmanas.
- Hajj (pilgrimage) to Makka: Every Muslim , circumstances permitting, is obliged to perform the Hajj once in a lifetime. Hajj (peregrinaje) a La Meca: Cada musulmán, las circunstancias lo permiten, está obligado a realizar el Hajj, una vez en la vida. The pilgrimage begins two months After Ramadhan and lasts three days. La peregrinación comienza dos meses después de Ramadán y dura tres días.
An individual is considered a “true Muslim” or believer if he/she follows the above practices in everyday life and follows the rules of Allah and His Prophet, as written in the Qur'an and Sunnah. Un individuo se considera un "verdadero musulmán" o creyente si él / ella sigue estas prácticas en la vida cotidiana y sigue las reglas de Alá y Su Profeta, como está escrito en el Corán y la Sunnah.
Historical Background of Muslims in North America Antecedentes históricos de los musulmanes en América del Norte
In 1955, Italy celebrated the five hundred anniversary of Columbus's birth. En 1955, Italia celebra el centenario del nacimiento de cinco de Colón. A fair displayed his belongings, which included an Arabic book by Al-Sharif al-Idrisi, an Arab Muslim geographer, which is said to be what inspired Columbus to seek the New World. Una feria que aparecen sus pertenencias, que incluye un libro en árabe de Al-Sharif Al-Idrisi, un geógrafo árabe musulmán, que se dice que es lo que inspiró a Colón a buscar el Nuevo Mundo. The first nation in the world officially to recognize United States independence was Morocco, an Arab country, in 1787 (Mehdi, 1978) La primera nación del mundo en reconocer oficialmente la independencia de Estados Unidos fue Marruecos, un país árabe, en 1787 (Mehdi, 1978)
Oman was the first Arab Muslim nation to have trade relations with the United States government; a trade treaty was signed by Sayyed Said and the United States in 1834. Omán fue el primer país árabe musulmán a tener relaciones comerciales con el gobierno de los Estados Unidos, un tratado sobre el comercio fue firmado por Sayyed Said y los Estados Unidos en 1834. An Omani ship arrived in New York in 1940 to deliver the first cargo of goods (Mehdi, 1983). Un barco de Omán llegó a Nueva York en 1940 para entregar el primer cargamento de mercancías (Mehdi, 1983).
The first African Muslim group came to the United States in 1717. Religious words such as “Allah” and “Muhammad” were circulated among the Arabic-speaking slaves, and a refusal to eat pork was identified with specific names like Omar, Ben Ali, and Ibn Sa'id (Mehdi, 1978) El grupo de musulmanes de África por primera vez a los Estados Unidos en 1717. Palabras religiosas como "Dios" y "Mahoma" se distribuyeron entre los esclavos de habla árabe, y la negativa a comer carne de cerdo fue identificado con nombres específicos como Omar, Ben Ali, e Ibn Said (Mehdi, 1978)
In 1856, five Muslims (two Turks and three Arabs) came to the United States to care for a cargo of 33 camels brought from Arabia to serve the nations's army in the Southeast. En 1856, cinco musulmanes (dos turcos y los árabes tres) llegó a los Estados Unidos para cuidar de un cargamento de 33 camellos traídos de Arabia para servir a las naciones del ejército en el sureste. One of these Arabs became well-known by the nickname “Hadji Ali,” which later became “HI Jolly” (Makdisi, 1959; Mehdi, 1969, 1983). Uno de estos árabes llegaron a ser bien conocido por el apodo de "Hadji Ali," que más tarde se convirtió en "HI Jolly" (Makdisi, 1959; Mehdi, 1969, 1983).
The literature on Muslims in North America showed that beginning of Islam was made in 1887 by an American convert, Muhammad Alexander Russell Webb. La literatura sobre los musulmanes en América del Norte mostraron que a partir del Islam se hizo en 1887 por un estadounidense convertido, Muhammad Alexander Russell Webb. The American Consul in Manila, who embraced Islam and established an office in New York City called the Oriental Publishing Company. El cónsul estadounidense en Manila, que abrazó el Islam y estableció una oficina en Nueva York llamado Oriental Publishing Company. In 1893, the first issue of Muslim World appeared (Makdisi, 1959). En 1893, el primer número de musulmanes del mundo apareció (Makdisi, 1959).
Ross, North Dakota, is the earliest recorded place where Muslims organized for communal prayer in private homes before a mosque was built in 1920 (Mehdi, 1978). Ross, Dakota del Norte, es el primer lugar donde los musulmanes registrados organizado para la oración comunitaria en casas particulares antes de una mezquita fue construida en 1920 (Mehdi, 1978). The group later was completely integrated in the host society, and in 1948 the mosque was abandoned. El grupo más tarde se integró completamente en la sociedad de acogida, y en 1948 la mezquita fue abandonado. The first recorded attempt to build a mosque in America was made in Highland Park, Michigan, 1n 1919. El grabado primer intento de construir una mezquita en Estados Unidos se hizo en Highland Park, Michigan, 1n 1919. Latter became a church (El-Kholi, 1966). Este último se convirtió en una iglesia (El-Kholi, 1966).
The mosque that was built in 1924 and still exists today was built in Michigan City, Indiana. La mezquita que se construyó en 1924 y todavía existe hoy fue construido en Michigan City, Indiana. Other mosques were built later in such areas as Detroit, Michigan (1922); Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1934), known as the mother mosque (Mehdi, 1978); Washington, DC (1952); Toledo, Ohio (1955) ; Otras mezquitas se construyeron más tarde en áreas tales como Detroit, Michigan (1922); Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1934), conocida como la mezquita de la madre (Mehdi, 1978), Washington, DC (1952), Toledo, Ohio (1955); and East Lansing, Michigan (1979) y East Lansing, Michigan (1979)
On the local
level , Muslim associations and organizations were established in many places. For example, an Islamic association was established in Highland Park in 1919. Another association, the young Men's Muslim Association, was established in Brooklyn in 1923 (Haddad, 1983).
On the national level, the Federation of Islamic Associations (FIA) was established in the United States and Canada by the efforts of Abdullah Ingram of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, through a personal request to president Eisenhower in 1952. The wave of Arab nationalism led to the creation of the Organization of Arab Students (OAS). Unlike the FIA, the OAS leaders were non-American-born Arabs and advocated nationalist and socialist objectives (Haddad, 1983). The Arab Muslim Brotherhood and non-Arab Indo-Pakistani Jamaati Islam formulated a new Association opposing the OAS objectives. On the first day of January 1983, a new organization called the Muslim Student Association of the United States and Canada (MSA) was announced (Haddad, 1983).
In 1982, during the twentieth annual convention of the MSA, a new name, the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), was announced to integrate Muslim efforts under the organization (Al-Ummah, 1981). ISNA has the following project extensions: the North American Islamic Trust (NAIT), a financial institution; the American Trust Publication (ATP); the Islamic Book Service (IBS); the International Graphics Printing Services (IGPS); and the Islamic Teaching Center (ITC). ISNA also has three professional associations: the Islamic Medical Association (IMA), the Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS), and the Association of Muslim Scientists and Engineers (AMSE) (MSA, 1980).
The increasing number of students sent by oil-producing Arab countries to the United States and the English language used by ISNA created the need for a new organization, the Muslim Arab Youth Association (MAYA). Announced in 1977, this association uses the Arabic language. Leaders of MAYA deny the claim of nationalism in their association by using the Arabic language and explain that language is Islamic, not nationalistic, because it is the language of the Qur'an, and membership in the associations open to any individual (Arab or non-Arab) who wishes to join (Rabitatu-Asshabab Al-Muslim Al-Arabi, nd).
On En the international organizational level, the Muslim World League (MLA) was established in Saudi Arabia in May 1962. The league has several objectives> Its main purpose is “the defense of Islam against those who seek to destroy it, and the support and development of Muslim communities around the world.” To achieve its goals, the league has established several offices in many nations and in 1974 became a nongovernmental representative of the United Nations. The influence of the MLA on Muslim minorities around the world has been sound (Haddad, 1983).
Although no reliable statistics exist on the number of Muslims living in North America, estimates range from one-half million to six million, depending on the source and purpose for which the number is used (Lovell, 1973). In 1975 the consensus among Muslim leaders was that approximately three million Muslims were living in America (Haddad, 1983). Because there are more than 400 mosques and Islamic associations in the United States, it is likely that this population estimate is reliable, particularly if nonresident students and visitors are included in the figure. (p.25) In these days Muslims are much more than that figure, a Muslim authority have estimated the number of Muslims in North America (the United States and Canada) as more than ten millions, where the number of Mosques increased to pass the one thousand figure.
To live in America as a Muslim, and as an Arab does not differ much from other groups, such as Blacks, Native Americans, Hispanics, or other minority groups. They tend to follow the same trend of residency as groups, but they remained un united following their religious sects or national origins. They almost all share the agony of striving to be known as peaceful group, have certain rights and obligations toward the American Society. But still stereotyping and name calling are common even in the mass media, Films, Journals, etc., (See Dr. Yahya's Article about Arabs and Muslims and race relations in the United States of America, presented in a televised conference sponsored by Lansing Community College in 1991 about interfaith and race relations in the American Society.
Beautiful Arabic and Islamic Names
Hasan Yahya, Ph.D
Are you familiar with the meaning of names in the Arabic and Muslim cultures? If you are not here are some knowledge for you!. This article gives you some important information about naming in the Arab cultures in which also including Islamic names. There is no Arabic name without a meaning, something impressive. I mean it's really great to have a meaning for your name, something that is related to a special even your parents went through, or something precious to the one who called you. Having a meaning to your name adds a special touch and relates you to your being in a nice way. I find it a lot better than having a name without meaning. Old Arab names usually are two types of names: one type for boys and the other for girls. For boys names should carry some sacred names or animal names to show power and dignity like Asad (Lion), Fahd or Nimr (Tiger), Laith or Osamah , or Ghadanfer (alson a lion's name), or some words reflect power as Saif (sword), shuja' (brave), for girls some of the birds and small animals are good names such as Khansa', Ghazal (dear), Asfurah (bird), or flower. like Warda, Yasmine, Zahra or Fulla; they could mean a good smell of flower, eg Areej or Abeer. There are names that mean the singing of birds, like Taghreed, or the voices of Pigeons like Hadeel. You find names that mean the name of a sword, eg Saif, Mohannad or Hosam; or ones that are the synonyms of one of the names a lion is called with (since in Arabic you can find more than one word to address one thing with the same meaning), for example: Laith, or Dorgham. Jameel: beautiful, Latif :Nice , lulu'ah is an Arabic name means a pearl, Masa:diamond, and Dana:pearl or a planet, like Qamar, Shams or Kawkab,; or even a star like Najma for her and Najm for him. There are names that mean a high level like Sana'a or Ola. You can find names that express a certain feeling such as Sahar, Gharam or Hayam. There are ones that show appreciation like Shokran, Rida or Irfan, ambition like Monia, Amani, Ahlam and many other beautiful characteristics like Jamil , Jamal , Lutfi, Karam, Jude or Baha'a. Some name express the light of stars, moon, and shining like Nour, or Diya'a for light, or Najm ( star or Qamar (Moon)., , or Najm (satar) or Naiem (Paradise).
Other than that there are people who are named after prophets' names such as Mohammad, Taha, Mustafa, which means the praised , or the selected, Ahmad: means I thank God for. Other names carry names of other Prophets such as: Isa (Jesus), Musa (Moses), Dawod (David) and Yahya (John the Baptist). Yunus (Jonah), Ibrahim (Abraham, Zakariyya (Zachery) or Jibreel (Gabriel ) . Other names may describe the names of countries like Falasteen (Palestine) or Sorya (Syria), and there are the names of continents like Asia. Some names are actually the names of months, such as Ramadan, Sha'aban or Rajab. Or even names of days like Khamees or Joma'a. One other interesting thing about names in Arabic is the fact that there are 99 names for God. Each name has its own meaning that expresses a certain characteristic of God. Like Al Salam (peace), Al Rahman and Al Raheem (merciful), Al Mo'oti ( he who gives), Al Mohyi (he who gives life), Al Kareem (the generous), Al Mo'een (he who helps), Al Nour (the light) all these names are some of the beautiful ninety nine names of God in Islam.
By the way, there are names found like Kareem, Mo'een or Nour, that are without the "Al" which equals "the" in English, only few names can be used as names for people without using the "Al", for the "Al" is only used for addressing names of God. Some names are considered old, some are somehow modern, but it's sad to see a lot of Arabs start to give up their great meaningful names and use ones that come from other cultures and other languages, believing it would be cooler that way. My name for example is Hasan and Hussein which means nice (The names of Ali's sons). It's used a lot, not a unique name, but I'm still proud of it .( The topic is a very interesting one, it needs more research and investigation) (775 words)
Hasan Yahya is a professor of sociology, an American Arab scholar, and columnist in several newspapers and Internet sites . sitios. He resides in Michigan, USA. He authored 20 plus books on sociology, psychology, poetry, politics, short stories in both Arabic and English. He also , published 170 plus articles. His webpage at www.hasanyahya.com
Principles of Books Review
Hasan Yahya, a Professor of Sociology
1. 1. No Body is perfect, I believe. In writing books authors do not revise them because they have confident the reader finds his/her way to understand and criticize what s/he reads. A perfect work does not need criticism. As human beings, surely we can be any thing except perfect, with no mistakes or errors. On the same token, There are a hundred faults in my books, and a hundred things might be said to prove them, but it is needless to do that. A book may be amusing with numerous errors, otherwise it will be very dull without a single absurdity. The simple editing is dictation errors, or editorial errors. The worse in any book is the contradiction of ideas on the same topic.
2. 2. To digest food, a stomach is required to enable full powers to do that. To a reader, however, s/he needs to enable his/her abilities, mentally and physically to grasp the meaning and visions of a book. A lot of ideas needs close relationship between the writer and the reader. When the writer writes, he has in his/her mind one thing, how to make the ideas reach the reader I its simplicity not in its hard meaning. Something analogous to this takes place with respect to the generality of minds, some understand the ideas whenever they pass before his/her eyes. Other some needs to read the idea twice or three times to grasp the idea and to where its meaning leads. Almost all readers are incapable of thoroughly digesting and assimilating what is presented to them in a very small compass. The rest may be capable of deriving that instruction from a moderate-sized volume,
3. 3. It is necessary that the attention should be detained for a certain time on the subject; and persons of un-philosophical mind, though they can attend to what they read or hear, are unapt to dwell upon it in the way of subsequent meditation.
4. 4. After grasping the whole book, the chapters organization is important to be shown accordingly as connected units to understand the whole book.
5. 5. Praising the positive points in the book content and organization, some of the highlighted statement may be described as examples. If there are negative points concerning the content, organizations, is also recommended to be highlighted if necessary.
6. 6. The documentation should be clear includes: the author or authors, the publication year, the number of pages, and the publishing house. The price may be also mentioned and compared with similar works.
Great Palestinian Personalities Series
Edward Said
By: Hasan Yahya, Ph.D
In this series I will try to give an introduction to some great personalities in the Palestinian History. There are many famous personalities across time, but in later years personalities like Haidar Abdel Shafi and Dr. Mustafa Barghouthi ,
Ibrahim Dakkak, professors Ziad Abu Amr, Mamdouh Al-Aker, Ahmad Harb, Ali Jarbawi, Fouad Moughrabi, legislative council members Rawiya Al-Shawa and Kamal Shirafi, writers Hassan Khadr and Mahmoud Darwish, Raja Shehadeh, Rima Tarazi, Ghassan Al-Khatib, Naseer Aruri, Elia Zureik and many others had a great role in the Palestinian intellectual history.
I will begin here with Edward Said, after six years of his depature of this world, He was a leading Palestinian-American intellectual. He was University Professor of English and Comparative Literature at
Said argued that Western writings on the Orient, and the perceptions of the East purveyed in them, are suspect, and cannot be taken at face value. According to him, the history of European colonial rule and political domination over the East distorts the writings of even the most knowledgeable, well-meaning and sympathetic Western 'Orientalists' (a term that he transformed into a pejorative):
“ I doubt if it is controversial, for example, to say that an Englishman in
Rashid Khalidi, in the earl I990s was teaching at Chicago, He "emerged "as one of the most influential commentators from within Middle Eastern Studies." After my graduation from
Factors of Human Development and Progress
in the Arab countries.
Hasan A. Yahya, Ph.Ds
Recently, the Middle East, especially Arab countries where concentrated in the news when it comes to conflict and terrorism? Is it because the Arab world is experiencing the highest rates of religious, sectarian and social violence? Or is it because it is changing to the regressive social change, in terms of human development and security? This article will try to answer these questions in sociological analysis.
Answering the questions may be direct to confess that religious mentality created political differences between groups as well as nations. And that policies to develop human security, physically and mentally is mismanaged by the status quo of traditional tribal governance, which is far from reasoning and critical thinking of moral rational justice. Indirectly, however, the second part of the direct answer, which describes the strong interrelationships between political tyranny and social injustice, which creates turmoil and conflict, on both personal and governmental levels.
Sociologically speaking, most Arab countries are governed by authoritarian [some totalitarian] systems, where social tension has a degree of dissatisfaction lead to conflict, unrest, and violence. Stability in this case cannot be legitimate in the face authoritarian governments. Arab regimes according to these totalitarian governments practice political arrogance (Saudi Arabia, Libya, Syria, Egypt, and other Gulf states for example,) dealing with social problems, using economic injustice, social oppression, and discrimination toward other nationalities, is a common cause leading to tension and rates of instability.
It is a fact that oil Arab countries have raised their income (whose revenue reached the nine billion Dollars a day, where $1.7 of which goes to Saudi Arabia), but still over seventy million Arabs live under the poverty line, for example, with less than $2 Dollars a day.
The recent Human Development Report (HDR) by the United Nations, there are almost 14 million people in Egypt alone, living under poverty line. Of these, four million do not earn their bread, while 20% percent of Egyptians own more than 80% percent of the national wealth. While this is close to the United States rates in wealth distribution, the United States takes care of it poor through social security and health care policies and benefits. Egypt is only an example, but it shares with the same case in many Arab countries , such as Sudan, Algeria, Morocco, Yemen and Syria. They all share authoritarian political system which lacks social justice, even though less rich than the Gulf States, In almost all Arab countries, corruption is becoming a typical behavior on both individual and institutional levels.
To sum up why social regression in the fields of human development , is taking place, and why human security as a slogan for HDR this year is regressing. There are several factors may be noted here according to my previous research on human development in the last 20 years:
1. 1.
Women participation more (than half of societies are handicapped in development in the Arab countries) In reality, it is much more than half. They are between 10 to 30% percent women participate in decision making other than traditional family business? In addition, safeguard the rights of women is needed by changing laws and attitudes which entrench gender-based discrimination. Women in Arab countries have little access to justice and few possibilities of legal redress when they are victims of violence. The increasing number of business women is very weak indicator of progress in women participation, while in some countries women illiteracy reaches 70% percent.
2. 2.
Absence of the rule of law to guarantee essential rights, freedoms and opportunities for political participation for all. Where such absence of justice and secular rule of law is enhanced by faith and religious beliefs as essential obstacles in the process of rule of law development, socially, economically, and politically. Example, in six Arab countries, there is an outright ban on the formation of political parties, while restrictions on political activities and civic organizations in other countries often amount to de facto prohibition. Almost all Arab countries lack of civil rational society institution ruled by laws that respect human rights away from religious belief. But most Arab states are far from this picture.
3. 3. New rational approaches are needed to deal with problems (locally, regionally and globally) but prevented religiously, on the bases that “God gives, God takes,” where such belief depends on the other life imagination and status quo respect and fear. The real life where they live in, needs more than belief to build nations rationally and systematically, where both are not characteristics of religious belief.
4. 4.
Causes of tension such as inequality , injustice , and political arrogance and emergency laws, should be replaced by a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. For example unemployment among the youth from governments is ignored, its rate is increasing, in some countries reaches 40% percent. Taking into consideration population growth, Arab countries will have to create 50 million new jobs by 2020 to accommodate the anticipated workforce. The picture looks dim, with the status quo unchanged.
5. 5. Arsenal and arms accumulation swallow revenues of oil, and takes its toll of national revenues. In some cases danger is imagined from neighboring countries such as Iran and Israel, bribery by billions are paid for arms deals instead of searching rationally to solve social turmoil's and tensions which lead to violence.
6. 6. Ineffectiveness of human mentality concerning basic physical needs, like water, food, health, and environmental disasters, supported by the belief that God solves all problems should come to a holt. Humans are perceived as having no ability to change their future. This factor stands an obstacle as a rule . This is, unfortunately , a stamp of traditional totalitarian systems continuing to be ineffective dealing with daily problems.
7. 7. Replacing theologian beliefs by secular intellectual reasoning is a must for the Arab countries to be succeeded . Such role is perceived as a disaster in traditional societies, to escaping mental powers of intellectuals and justice reformers.
8. 8. The concept of nationality is mismanaged by internal and external forces. For example, citizenship is divided into one, two and three divisions where discrimination is practiced against non citizens in most Arab countries.
9. 9. Population growth threatening the environment . The average number of live births per woman in the Arab region is 3.6 compared to a global average of 2.6. At this growth rate, the region is expected to be home to nearly little less than 400 million people by 2015, up from approximately 330 million currently.
10. 10. Related to the above factor, sustainable resources for population growth needs institutions , enacting and enforcing laws, to integrate environmental concerns into development planning, and raising environmental awareness through youth education. Furthermore, desertification threatens about 2.9 million square kms , or roughly one-fifth of the total area of Arab countries. Meanwhile, natural resources are being depleted at an alarming rate, as population pressures mount.
In conclusion, much of human development reports show these problems, but far short from implementing them without radical political change of authoritarian regimes, and religious approaches deal with secular issues. Traditional heirs of governments have to change, and give way to new generations believe in secularism and scientific development rather than traditional one. Arab countries should move radically to replace traditional idea of human development for the other life, forgetting the necessary life on earth. An idea was enforced in Europe three hundred years ago. Otherwise social progress and human security will continue to be in danger in the Arab nations. ( 1250 words ) www.dryahyatv.com
About Philosophy
Philosophy is not a limited doctrine, or a theory made by one person, or produced by one nation, It is a major subject covers human thought in terms of Man and God on earth. The soul and the body, the Church or the State. And therefore, Philosophy is not an easy term to define. La filosofía no es una doctrina limitada, o una teoría formulada por una persona, o producidos por una nación, es un tema principal abarca el pensamiento humano en términos del Hombre y Dios en la tierra. El alma y el cuerpo, la Iglesia o el Estado. Y por lo tanto, la filosofía no es un término fácil de definir. The best to answer the question: What is philosophy? Lo mejor para responder a la pregunta: ¿Qué es filosofía? Was Bertrand Russell was the best to define philosophy. Fue Bertrand Russell era el mejor para definir la filosofía. I will summarize in the following lines. Voy a resumir en las siguientes líneas. historically it means the conceptions of life and the world in general. Históricamente, esto significa que la concepción de la vida y el mundo en general.
Philosophy is a product of two elements: religious conceptions and scientific reasoning. La filosofía es un producto de dos elementos: las concepciones religiosas y razonamiento científico. Bernard Russell considers philosophy as “an intermediate between Bernard Russell considera la filosofía como "un intermediario entre theology and science”. (xiii) la teología y la ciencia ". (xiii) He termed it as the “No Man's Land”, From Theology, it consists of speculations of matters of definite knowledge. Se lo denomina como el "No Man's Land", de la teología, se trata de especulaciones de los asuntos de conocimiento definido. From science, it appeals to human reason rather than to authority-traditional or theological-. De la ciencia, hace un llamamiento a la razón humana en lugar de a la autoridad tradicional o teológico. Therefore, philosophy is the bridge between theology and science. Por lo tanto, la filosofía es el puente entre la teología y la ciencia. In other words, The definite knowledge belong to science, and the indefinite (the dogma) which surpasses definite knowledge belong to theology. “The No Man's Land,” is where the philosophers take place. En otras palabras, el conocimiento preciso pertenecer a la ciencia, y la indefinida (el dogma), que excede a todo conocimiento definitiva pertenecen a la teología. "El hombre es tierra de nadie," es donde los filósofos tienen lugar. They are attacked by the two sides. Son atacados por los dos lados. What gives philosophy importance over both is, that philosophy tries to answer, what science cannot answer, and to show that the confident answers of theologians are no longer seem to be convincing, Lo que da importancia a la filosofía de ambos es, que la filosofía trata de responder, lo que la ciencia no puede contestar, y para demostrar que confía en las respuestas de los teólogos ya no parece ser convincente, The philosophers believe in the mind and the matter which compose the world. Los filósofos creen en la mente y la materia que componen el mundo. Certain questions belong to philosophy, such as: Algunas preguntas pertenecen a la filosofía, tales como: what is the definition of mind and matter ?. And which is subject to the other? Have the universe any unity or purpose? ¿Cuál es la definición de la mente y la materia?. Y que está sujeto a la otra? Haga que el universo que ninguna unidad o propósito? What goals set forth for the universe? ¿Qué metas establecidas para el universo? Are there laws of nature? ¿Existen leyes de la naturaleza? No answer in the laboratories for these questions, “Theologians have professed to give answers, all too definite; but these answers cause modern minds to suspect. No hay respuesta en los laboratorios de estas preguntas, "Los teólogos han profesado a dar respuestas, muy definida, pero estas respuestas causan las mentes modernas para sospechar. The studying of these questions, if not the answering of them, is the business of philosophy. El estudio de estas cuestiones, si no la respuesta de ellos, es el negocio de la filosofía. Bertrand Russell continues to explain the answers from historians point, “ever since men became capable of free speculation, their actions, …… have depended upon their theories as to the world and human life, as to what is good and what is evil.”(xiv) In order “to understand an age or a Bertrand Russell continúa explicando las respuestas desde el punto de historiadores ", desde que los hombres llegaran a ser capaces de especulación libre, sus acciones, ... ... han dependido de sus teorías sobre el mundo y la vida humana, en cuanto a lo que es bueno y lo malo." (xiv) Con el fin de "comprender una época o un nation , we have to understand its philosophy, and to understand its philosophy we must ourselves be in some degree philosophers.”
Philosophy as distinct form from theology, began in Greece in the 6 th century BC
Its second great period began in the 11 th to the 14 th centuries. It was dominated by Catholic Church. The third period Russell described was from the 17 th century to present time. Which is dominated exclusively by science while traditional religious beliefs remain important, but felt to need justification. Few of the philosophers of the last period were orthodox from a Catholic standpoint, and the secular State is more important in their speculations than the Church.
Individual liberty and Social solidarity were in continued conflict in all periods. For example, in Greece, the loyalty to the city State was the grounds for social cohesion. In that period Christianity popularized the opinion that God's duty is more important than the duty to the State. As Socrates and the Apostles said:” we ought to obey God rather than Man.”
During the period of darkness, the second period between 5 th and 11 th centuries, the conflict between duty to God and duty to the State took a new form. It became a conflict between the Church and the ruler. The secular power, however, was in the hands of kings and rulers as Barons. The king had to share his power with feudal aristocracy. Armed force was under the king control. But the Church was still victorious by monopolizing education in the absence of kings fighting each other. And the belief that Church still possess the power.
The role of Church was representing order in place of anarchy. Later, some numbers were for different reasons at variance with the Pope. For example, Frederick II, invented a new religion, represents the extreme of anti-papal culture. Thomas Aquinas was the classical exponent of papal philosophy in Frederick times. Dante 50 years later, achieved a synthesis, and gave the balance exposition of the medieval period of ideas. The Renaissance papacy led the Reformation, which destroyed the unity of Christendom and the scholastic theory of government that centered around the Pope. In the Renaissance period new knowledge, the Copernican astronomy assigned to the earth and to man a humbler position than before. Pleasure in new facts took the place, among intelligent men of pleasure in reasoning, analyzing, and systematizing.
In politics, all power is ultimately from God, He has delegated power to to the Pope in sacred things and to the Emperor in secular matters. Both the Pope and Emperor lost their importance in the 15 th century. The new national monarchies in France, Spain, and England had in their own territories, a power which neither Pope nor Emperor could interfere. This was a sign that the Roman belief in the unity of civilization is no more existed. This political disorder found expression in Machiavelli's Prince . From the 16 th century, onward, the history of European thought is dominated by Reformation. It began as a revolt of northern nations against the domination of Rome. A combination of National, economic, and moral motives strengthen the revolt against Rome. Northern Europe people and rulers accepted the innovations Luther theology have provided. In Catholic doctrine, divine revelation did not end with the scriptures, but continued through the medium of the Church. Where people can submit as duty their private opinions. Protestants, on the contrary, rejected the Church as a method of revelation: truth was to be sought only in the Bible, where each person could interpret for himself. If men differed in their interpretations, no assigned divinely authority to decide the dispute. In practice, the State claimed the right that had formerly belong to the Church. This was contrary to the fact of the Protestant theory which says: there should be no earthly intermediary between the soul and God.
Russell asserts that modern philosophy begins with Descartes, where the fundamental certainty is the existence of himself and his thoughts. And from which the external world is to be inferred. This was the first stage of development , through Berkeley and Kant, to Fichte . From this extreme, philosophy became attempting, ever since, to escape into the world of everyday reality. Where subjectivism in philosophy and anarchism in politics goes hand in hand.
Against the more insane forms of subjectivism in modern times there was the doctrine of liberalism, which attempted to assign the affairs of government and the individual. Locke began this modern form, he opposed to “enthusiasm” and “individualism” as to absolute authority and blind subservience to tradition.
Hobbes, Rousseau, and Hegel represented different phases of this theory. Their doctrines are embodied in Cromwell, Napoleon, and modern Germany. These philosophies remove Communism from practice to a little extent of State supremacy or State worship.
Russell summarizes his thought on philosophy by saying: “ Throughout this long development, from 600 BC to the present day, philosophers have been divided into those who wished to tighten social bonds and those who wished to relax them.” (xxii)
Russell brilliant conclusion was: “In general, important civilizations start with a rigid and superstitious system, gradually relaxed, and leading, at a certain stage, to a period of brilliant genius, while the good of the old tradition remains and the evil inherent in its dissolution has not developed. But as the evil unfolds, it leads to anarchy, thence, inevitably, to a new tyranny, producing a new synthesis secured by a new system of dogma. The doctrine of liberalism is an attempt to escape from this endless oscillation. The essence of liberalism is an attempto secure a social order not based on irrational dogma, and insuring stability without involving more restraints than are necessary for the preservation of the community. Whether this attempt can succeed only the future can determine.” (xxiii)
As a result of the above introduction, My Opinion is given in the following section:
It never came to my mind to stand against the basic beliefs of the religions of God. The different and changing testimonies of the followers of these religions make me defend philosophy in the face of
practiced religions of the world. It is my position, that if a certain religion promotes hatred of other religions or beliefs , is not a religion. And therefore, it should be attacked on the basis of justice. If the laws of each religion justify hatred of other religions, then it should be understood, that my actions are also, justified.
Ignorance makes people attack other people's belief and religions. Religions in their basic Godly form, cannot be criticized, we criticize the followers beliefs of hate to other religions. Take for example the defamation of Prophets, or attacks against Muslims, they are not justifiable, the sharp difference between Catholics, and Protestants, and the between Arabs and Jews. Ignorance of the people about the essence of their existence on Earth, is the reason for their conflict. It is not God, who makes people fight each other. It is the belief of people and their self-interest which cause conflict. 1 + 1 = 2, can any one negate this fact in mathematics. The development of pregnancy through several stages, can any one reverse these stages as a biological fact?
Philosophically speaking , mind is the basic ingredient of human differentiate him from animal, and therefore, human should use their minds to promote happiness in life Not in the unseen life. Reality described by philosophers through the separation of Spirit and Body. While spirit cannot be defeated or demolished completely, as we know , the body is limited by age. Age is limited by years, but soul is not limited by years.
Mind should be the strong castle of human to defend superstitious ideas and metaphysical phenomena. Limitation of human mind is combined with limitation of humans' age on earth. Other humans may continue using the mind to continue the march toward unfolding knowledge about the Universe. But one human cannot do so. The works of old philosopher are leading but not completing the modern human mind. Socrates , Galileo , Christ, and Pain and many others were excluded
from their communities and paid their lives for what they believe in. Their intuition was leading humans to use their minds for the purpose of having happy life, by applying the logic of this life at its best.
Theologians and Time of Uncertainty:
The majority of the ignorant theology, and the powerful authority in the absence of logic have lost in historical events, the essence of human existence on Earth. Even in these days of 2008, the world still governed by the majority ignorant or the powerful authority who believe that war for example, is the only way to protect the self or the nation's interest. Unfortunately, the knowledge obtained so far, about the world was used to destroy it. Or to destroy human happiness.
Values are changing, the good of the past is no more good in present . Values of the rich is very much different from the poor. And values of ignorant people are different from those of well advanced in knowledge.
Human Being is no more living for their family, wife, and kids, They are working for their own pleasures. Money is no more serving the purpose of basic needs, it becomes numbers like human beings. Numbers without feelings, without minds, without souls. Money should not be an end by itself, but a means to survive and serve those who need it. Look for the Oil producing countries, how they are fooled by oil companies. Oil is contributing in the world misery of millions of people in poor countries around the world including the countries producing or consuming oil. In the poor countries, war between religious sects is inevitable, and in the rich countries, the distance between poor and rich is sky rocketing. So you might ask, what is the solution for the world to come to mind?
This a good question, and it makes anyone-including myself-nervous. But to be nervous, is not the right way to answer the question. The question, anyhow, is part of the answer. The terms used in the question, how? Read it again, we may replace the first term (what?) in the question by the last term (mind) to become, “mind is the solution for the world to come to.” As you see, the solution is using the mind. Not emotions or feelings or faiths. It is simply the mind which lead us to understand ourselves, to understand our environmental surroundings, the nature, and the creatures in it. Is this hard to grasp or comprehend ? I did not think so. In the case of religions, if Jews, Christians, Muslims or any other faith followers use their minds to solve their problems, especially in Palestine, sure they will be able to reach a conflict-free world all over the world.
Faith is like man and women, man or woman cannot accept the fact that a woman or a man cheat on them, Their ego will be destroyed by the free will of others. The other man, or the other woman.
Thomas Pain and Bertrand Russell:
In his Why I am Not a Christian . About Thomas Pain, the British and later American philosopher, and his Age of Reason, writing. Bertrand Russell, also originally British (American) wrote:
“In his own neighborhood, he (Pain) was mobbed and refused a seat in the stagecoach; three years before his death he was not allowed to vote, on the alleged ground of his being a foreigner. He was falsely accused of immortality and intemperance, and in his last years were spent in solitude and poverty. He died in 1809 .( p145) “The greater part of the Age of Reason consists of criticism of the Old Testament from a moral point of view. Very few nowadays would regard the massacres of men, women, and children recorded in Pentateuch and Book of Joshua as model of righteousness, but in Pain's day it was considered impious to criticize the Israelites when the Old Testament approved of them.”(p.143) The Age of Reason ventured to doubt whether God really commanded that all males and married women among the Midianites should be slaughtered, while the maidens should be preserved. (p.144)
In my belief, God does NOT belong ONLY to Jews or ONLY to Muslims, or for that matter to Christians or ONLY to any other sect, God belong to all, humans or else. Gods are many in peoples faiths, but religion of God is ONE religion. God, therefore, could not choose certain people to be chosen, or to be the best nation, or give birth to destructive ideas, or give orders saving one part of people, and to destroying other parts of people in peace or in war. God does not give permission to kill, to exploit, or to deceive other people for your own self-interest. It is not good for you, bad for others. The good should be good for you and for the others in the same time. It is unbelievable to the mind to argue about the value of one's right by denying the other one's right. Otherwise, we are ignorant and irrational persons. This is why philosophers are different from lay men. Reasoning should lead the mind to happiness, not to satisfy self interest, or sect, or belief, or ignorant majority (traditional, conservative, or liberals, in any place, or in any time). Rational history of rationality can tell us. I think Crescentology rules, should lead the world toward happiness in this world
Russell continues: “During the American Revolution Pain inspired enthusiasm and confidence, and thereby did much to facilitate victory. Governments, he says , ” may all be comprehended under three heads. First, superstition. Secondly, power. Thirdly, the common interest of society and the common rights man. The first was a government of priestcraft , the second of conquerors, the third of reason.” (139)
About the Palestinian Problem: I strongly support the third, I am intellectually inclined to support freedom and independence of Palestine - freedom from aristocracy, and opinion sensors , and every species of tyranny- for the cause of Palestine. Dogmatism in Gaza, and secularisms of the West Bank Authority are not adequately selected to govern their constituents. It is believed that suffering of the public and the poor in the refugee camps in both territories should be the bases of future solution. Palestinians nowadays, are divided politically and ideologically into two groups, The first under dogmatic rules, and the second under the power of money, wealth, and lack of democracy. Palestinians have the right to decide their future in a rational democratic way . manera. Palestinians have to decide whether to continue suffering or to consider Israel as a neighbor State, and live in peace, for ever.
The Jews were expelled many times through their history, Jewish and non-Jewish historians may tell more about how many time relinquishing of Jews happened in history, the Assyrians removed them in 722 BC, Nebuchchadrezzar destroyed the temple and removed a large part of the population to Babylon in 586 BC, there were a large-scale murders of Jews in Germany at the time of the first crusade, and in England, at the time of the third crusade. on the accession of Richard Coeur de Lion. Massacre of large number of Jews in Europe, those who were not massacred were often despoiled of their property and forcibly baptized. At York, where the first Christian Emperor had begun his reign, was aptly enough, the scene of on of the most appalling mass-atrocities against Jews. No one can imagine how horrible was the holocaust in recent history against the Jews in Europe in the 1940s of last century. Palestinians also suffered, expelled, and moved, but compared to the sufferings of Jews in history is not qualified. I believe , Jews have to be given finally safe haven in Israel. Jews have has to be given assurances not to be terrorized with rockets, and suicide bombers supported by theologians. it is her right, even though they are the occupiers of the land. They will not stop terrorizing Palestinians unless Israelis' security was guaranteed. Stop the rockets and suicide bombers, and let us see how much Israel respects its word. I hope Palestinians will be given time to live peacefully without danger. Let Palestinian live as a nation like other nations. Hate has to stop, and mutual recognition temporarily-at least for 50 years to come-have to lead both Israelis and Palestinians to the right track. Jews have lived for many long years together in almost all Arab countries. This time of history is for powerful denomination worldwide, let the minds and hearts reduce that power by compromising for the sake of new generations. Let Palestinians confess, they are defeated (with all Arabs failed attempts) in liberating Palestine, but they did not relinquished. Palestinians still have their rights to decide. Give both Israelis and Palestinians the next 50 years to live in peace. Both diverse it. No one can guess about history. But the problem will vanish through the years, I guess. History is our teacher, and people make history not the other way around.
About Modern Arab States:
Arab States formation was made away from their own choice. In 1917 , Britain and France divided the states under their control in Sikes-Pico meeting. Syria and Lebanon were under France denomination, while Jordan, Palestine and Iraq became under the British rule. Borders were made by the two nations. The population in these countries follow the maps made by the super powers of the time. Leaders, lately who accept the Occupier rules, was given authority and support to establish their government. Nationalism, was the worst slogan in recent history provided by modern world. Nationalism became for those who have the power against minorities who have no power. In every Arab country, nationalism was promoted to support the status quo of government. Leaders were chosen according tribalism, and sectarianism. Common people were suppressed and prevented from government jobs and military. And ignorant Bedouins were recruited to protect the rulers in every country. Those of large families (Land Lords )who were supporting the British and the French occupation were also recruited around the ruler to protect him. Later, supporters of the governing party have superiority over other sections in their nations. Like the case of resurrection al- Ba'ath Party, or sheikhdom rulers side.
For Arabs, democracy is far from attending, traditionalism, aristocracy, and tribalism are strongly oppose democratic systems, for the sake of their self-interest, in many Arab countries, tyranny is still practiced, and the only opinion heard is the opinion of the governing party. In the Soviet Union ,
tyranny did not last forever, in Germany the same, and in Italy it did not last. In the Arab countries too, it will not last forever, I hope in the Arabic countries tyranny of tribalism and sect dogmatism will come to an end soon, and to begin democracy and freedom of minds and souls. Justice have to prevail, and equal opportunities have to be practiced to be ascribed to democratic system.
On Theology:
Philosophy is concerned with defining human goals in daily life not in the eternal life. This may create conflict with religion; the Islamic civilization has experienced numerous controversies between theologians and ( fuqaha ) and freethinkers or philosophers in this respect. As I see it, t heology is not promoting human happiness, but human suffering for simple reason, the idea of sin. The feeling of sin, and the hard worldly punishment as well as in the hereafter-in the hill-fire, for those who commit adultery or drinking wine are in opposition to personal freedom and democratic principles.
God already picked up those who are in Heaven, and those who are assigned to Hill whether or not they sin in their lives. And God's will, cannot change by not following his commandments. He is much more than involving Himself in worldly matters of human beings. Thos who benefit from Gods rules, are censoring justice and freedom for their own interests. Now we come to censorship of enlightened opinions and freethinking.
Examples of censorship of freethinking and actions against the status quo:
In their late meeting, the Gulf States Rulers announced a rule, to prevent media of the satellite and writers from criticizing the States heads. This decree is dangerous for two reasons. The self-interest of the powerful authority, and the ignorance of civilized world. Where these governments are still believe in tribalism and traditions, which is recklessly hurled against anyone whose opinion is disliked. In the march to democracy and freedom, freethinkers have to lead the nations toward freedom and democracy. But they are prevented and expelled. But nothing would remain not changing , and nothing eternal, we are taught, except God. The appointed Censorship agency, for the government in every Arab country, whether they are ignorant or educated, they have to support the governing king or Emir, or president or sultan. They have to sensor any opinion against them. This is insane in the march for freedom and democracy. Like in the Soviet Union in the time of Czar, and later in time Stalin, sensors were highly supported to sensor any opposition to the emperor in the first example, and to the communist party in the second.
About Academic freedom:
The essence of academic freedom, is that teachers should be selected for their expertness in the subject they are to teach and that the judges of this expertness should be other experts. Experts on the subject matter can be judged with a fair degree of unanimity. The Saudi government send unqualified representatives to choose teachers from other Arab countries, they were testing teachers of their knowledge of Qur'an . They asked them to recite some Sura's and Ayat from Qur'an such as, al- fatihah , and al- nas or al- alaq sura's . If the teacher fails to recite, they are not accepted in the job, even the job in teaching mathematics or chemistry, or literature. Toleration with those who cannot recite Qur'an, is essential part of wise democracy. But it is not always sufficiently practiced.
What Happened to Muslims organizations in the United States:
The union between Muslim Brothers and Jama'ti Islam of Pakistan was not made for the benefits of Muslims, but for the benefits of the community and associations leaders. ISNA was formulated to curb the illegality of forming associations by foreigner students. The need for a legal status in the United States for Islam to be, is to be controlled by America, therefore, Those Muslim Americans from the Middle East (the Muslim Brothers) and the continent of India (Pakistan and Bangladesh- Jamati Islam) should control Muslims in the United States. They are already rich by the zakat collection, and sadaqat of Muslims, and built their empires upon the needs of Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. In Argantina , they invest their money to rais cattles and sheep to be sold to Muslim pilgrimage every year. The new leaders began to use some clergy (men) imams from Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Pakistanis for the purpose of leading the prayer, and answering certain theological questions. Some people will be angry to read this, ISNA, was and still a puppet in the CIA and self-interest hands. To protect their interests in America as land owners, investors, and business owners and for printing Islamic books, Financially they are secured authoritarians. The doors of interfaith were made open for them to waste the time of their followers. Followers of Islam, like the followers of Christians, or those of Jewish faith were all deceived their followers in America. Muslims theological leaders in America still follow the old testaments of Muhammad and his companions. Friday Prayer is performed as Muhammad taught them, and even the content, should be of the way Muhammad begins, continues and ends the ceremony. The Muslim immediate concerns in almost all Muslim Mosques in the United States are rarely touched and dealt with. The revenues collected every months from alms ( Zakat ), or donations ( Sadaqat ) are censored to talk about their use. Muslims are fooled by the clergy men who always ask for more donations. And no one has the right to inquire, where these donations go. Or who benefit from them. They built schools as investment of the money, they bought lands, restaurants, businesses, and support the idea of Martyrs in the cause of God. Instead of using these donations to promote their communities participation in the American Society, and to control some of the media, as the Jewish leaders did in the last fifty years. Muslims are inferiors to the disbelievers, or those who may inquire about these donations. This is locally may be resolved, but internationally it is difficult to solve. The Muslims are far from organizing themselves on a scientific grounds, I remember an organization leader when he had a meeting with the employees, his lecture was totally about God, and the Prophet, nothing in his speech was about the daily problems face the business, or rules of modern management or communication rules with others or how to promote business. It was like Friday prayer. Associations and organizations should have goals, and processes to make itself for the benefits of Muslims, as the Jewish associations. The Jews are far ahead on any other religion, in taking care of Jews anywhere on Earth. No religion resemble them. And I believe , they should be commended for their successful efforts.
The idea of intellectuals and secularists is very dangerous one to the theologians in every religion. In the Jewish faith, in the Christian faith, and in the Islamic faith. They all share intolerance, lack of Judgment and ignorance of ideas might unite between them. Politics is riding almost all followers of the three mentioned religions. Their followers anywhere are drugged by the teachings of their clergy men, as they are the only followers of God who will open his paradise for them and denies other religions from Heaven, but to expel them in Hill.
In Christian faith, Jesus Image in one church, is different from other churches. Catholic beliefs are different from those of Protestant beliefs. And both are misused by the Old Testament, or the New one.
In the Jewish faith, however, it took a very different direction, Jews have understood early the power of mind, through Espinoza, Marx, and Durkheim , to control circumstances of the modern world. Psychology, Medicine and attorneys of law, In addition the field of jewels business and banking were the means to control people. These fields were controlled in the United States by Jews. Psychology departments and tests writings, have changed the image of Jews in America after the 1940s. Politically they supported those who may support Jewish goals, such as creating and supporting the State of Israel. They were very successful in that field. Most Americans follow blindly this direction.
Both Christian and Jewish faiths were united early as Judeo-Christian faith to stand opposing the religion of Islam. Muslims are not less in their position from other religions. All religions share conflict with the other. And none is true in their allegations.
Theology has to come to an end, and to die , in order freedom and democracy to rise. The intellectual mind have to take the lead in the world as well as individual nations. The need is not for war between nations , or religions, or civilizations, but to satisfy the needs of the people everywhere on Earth in spite of their levels of belief, or creed, nationality or color, or level of education. This is my opinion, and for it I will continue to live, in the coming life.
Crescentology theory if applied will lead to this end. I guess. Supongo.
Qualities of Good Writers and Successful Teacher?
By Hasan Yahya, Ph.D
This article unlike other articles I wrote previously for Future.info. with little difference. It is about “writing” itself and “teaching” as a noble career in many societies in the East and west, as well as in south and north. In all religions and all ethnic groups, teachers are the noble people on earth whom I personally cherished and respected all my life. Both jobs writing and teaching almost all people are familiar with in life.
Writing is a talent, no doubt, and an “art” for sure in the same time. To write an article or any piece of art is an easy task, but it is produced after certain questions such as about what? And How? When? and Where to publish. Time and space are included . If these questions were answered, one question remains to be answered too. Ye, you guessed right! For whom which forms the audience or interested in what the subject you write.
Many people may say: “If I have the time , I might write a good book.” Others however, may say: “I like what I read.” In any case it does not matter whither you use a pen or a pencil, or a feather like old days, which are rarely used in modern times except
in journalistic editing and correction of already written piece.
In these days, the magic word is computer. The computer is a great invention by using the internet which constitute an unlimited source of almost all fields of knowledge for all ages who have little experience with certain computer skills. The computer helps writers and readers alike. It also helps in spelling, editing, omitting, exchanging sentences, and words or letters, and even paragraphs and whole pages.
No matter these days if you write an short article or a book, in any language, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, French, German, Japanese. Japonés. Or Urdu, (alphabetically), computer gives you the power for even translation.
As far as this article is concerned, so far, readers are getting some familiar answers for the questions posed above. But readers may not be professionals, but they have taste and emotions as well as minds , so they like or dislike what they read. They might accept an argument or reject it. In any case, readers are the wealth of any educated nation. Readers include all types of people, all types of personalities, therefore, any type of writing will have an audience
interested in reading occasionally or on daily basis like reading a text book, a newspaper, a book, or magazine,
there are always readers for any type of
writing. escrito. In America , as well as Africa, India, Indonesia, or in many other countries, there are thousands of jobs needed in life. Too many publications are written by experts in certain fields, farmers, gardeners, workers, carpenters, and even scientists on “how to” to learn about making things or even how to look happy, to be optimistic, and to increase your memory. There is no area in knowledge is missed by writers.
Writing is a craft, a practice of art, such as music, painting, ceramic, and even playing football, they are all talented and smart people have the will to excel beside their talent. It is a process of learning may begin immediately after birth. Therefore, it is possible to create a talented writer.
What concerns young writers is to find encouragement from readers close to the writer first, before the farther in distance or space. Many young writers are talented in their middle or high schools. In fact, it is an not exaggeration to say that some children in the elementary stage show early talents in imagination and smart ideas or imitations. But who will discover these talented young writers during their school years? Of course, preliminary thinking may bring parents or elder brother or sister or close relatives in the family, this it true, but the most factor and may be the best to discover young talents is the teacher his/herself with an expert ears and eyes. Teachers can be successful in teaching. Those successful and talented teachers are mostly the discoverers of talented students, confer with parents to cooperate how to encourage and promote young writers' talents to present an art-like pieces.
Teachers, however, I mean to be a successful teachers in order to fulfill their duty toward young generations in any society or culture, certain elements have to be found by education or in-service workshops to reach the level of successful teacher. The rest of the article now will pinpoint these elements of successful teachers.
Elements of Successful Teachers for all educational stages from pre-school to college or university. Top successful teachers in every field share common characteristics and attitudes. If you want to be among the top instructors in your field, with a little previous planning, try incorporating these seven outstanding attributes for success:
1. 1. Clarity--successful people know who they are and where they are going. They have developed a clarity of vision of their primary and secondary goals. In any time, take a moment to reflect on your progress in life and why you are teaching. How does teaching correspond to your values, and what do you hope to achieve in your classes?
2. 2. Courage--often called the foremost of the virtues--is the ability to act as if you have already attained your goal. Courageous people know that progress requires effort, persistence and the will to overcome obstacles. Courage is the driving force behind those who continuously seek improvement ideas, modify them where necessary and apply them.
3. 3. Common sense--the ability to learn from experience or to adapt new learning activities and teaching methods. Instructors with common sense strive for intellectual honesty and maintain an objectivity toward the teaching/learning process. They seek to find what works and share it with others to promote the common goal by listening and encouraging your student to excel.
4. 4. Career conception in other words, see yourself as your own boss. Embracing the self-employed attitude means that you take charge of your career instead of just letting it happen. Let your love to your work be imitated by your students.
5. 5. Commitment to a mission--it is known that almost everything you do in teaching follows from your personal mission and that of your department or institution. Commitment to an overriding purpose results in a positive mental frame work that helps to build your instructional design and heighten the effectiveness of your communication with students and colleagues.
6. 6. Fairness— in treatment among your students enhances your respect among them, and make them show their hidden talents and make yourself a discoverer. Try these secrets in your career as a teacher, and focus on the secrets of successful teachers . You will be discoverer of young writers in your school environment.
Finally, as you see there is no seventh element, but you are smart reader to add may be another five or six characteristics of successful teacher as yourself. I am sure, you will and you CAN. By the way to remind you , Buddha , Iqbal, Jesus, Moses, and
Muhammad, were great talented teachers in history and in their own people. If you become a good writer or successful teacher you will be close to be proud as a good exemplar like them for many people not only in your nation but in the whole world.
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About the author: Sobre el autor:
Hasan Yahya is an American Arab scholar, and a professor of sociology. He published 25 plus books and 220 plus articles on sociology, psychology, politics, poetry, IQ Test Measurement and short stories in both Arabic and English. His articles may be found on articlesbase.com, Face book and other internet sites. His recent book published on Amazon titled: Lawlaki: Lawlaki Poetry Diwan, Zawjat lil-Bay's: Tales and articles, 2000 Bayt Min al-Shi'r al-Arabi and al-Zawaj wal-Jinse fil-'Alam, Zawjat lil-Bay', and al-Zawaj wal-Jinse fil 'Alam, all in Arabic.(On Amazon, 2009). His recent activities reflects his talents and knowledge on youtube's Dr. Yahya Channel TV under the name of askdryahya. www.hasanyahya.com
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Power Struggle & Conflict Resolution
Dr. Hasan Yahya Books On Amazon
Books in English:
Psychology: (1 Book)
Personality and Stress Management https://www.createspace.com/3355058
Religion: (Two books)
Islam: Finds Its Way https://www.createspace.com/3436642
Brief Arab and Islamic Ethics (bilingual) التعاليم الإخلاقية في الإسلام - باللغتين . https://www.createspace.com/3355806
Poetry: (2 Books)
Poetry Diwan : Love Fear and Hope https://www.createspace.com/3355775
Moon Flowers https://www.createspace.com/3355058
Politics and Sociology: (5 Books)
Arab Palestinians and Jews: Sociological Approach https://www.createspace.com/3374903
The Beast in Me, America https://www.createspace.com/3354440
Crescentologism https://www.createspace.com/3436624
Crescentology https://www.createspace.com/3335792
Legal Adultery: Sexuality & World Cultures https://www.createspace.com/3399546
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Books in Arabic:
Religion:
Al-Islam Wa-Masalih al- Bashar الإسلام ومصالح البشر
https://www.createspace.com/3436902
Sociology:
Ílm al- Ijtima'al - Tatbeeqi علم الاجتماع التطبيقي Applied Sociology
https://www.createspace.com/3356480
Adwa'Ala al'Fikr al- Gharbi أضواء على الفكر الغربي
https://www.createspace.com/3356556
Kids Books: كتب بالعربية للأطفال
55 Stories 4 Kids 55 قصة للأطفال
https://www.createspace.com/3354521
20-20 Hikayat Wa- Aghani Lil- Atfal
- Tales and Songs for Kids حكايات وأغاني للأطفال
https://www.createspace.com/3443764
Al- Tiflah al- Mithaliyyah - Qisas Arabiyyah الطفلة المثالية : قصص أطفال
https://www.createspace.com/3443745
Sociology:
Research Methods in Social Sciences مناهج البحث في العلوم الاجتماعية
https://www.createspace.com/3356483
Crescentology and Human Nature النظرية الهلالية والطبيعة البشرية
https://www.createspace.com/3359215
Maqalat Ijtima yah (On Social Development) مقالات اجتماعية عن التنمية
https://www.createspace.com/3375716
Psychology: (2 books)
Therapy Cases: Mental and Physical حالات علاجية : عقلية وجسمية ونفسية
https://www.createspace.com/3356551
Arabic IQ Measurements مقاييس الذكاء للأطفال
https://www.createspace.com/3357077
Short Stories and Plays: (5 books)
28 Arabic Short Stories 28 قصة عربية قصيرة
https://www.createspace.com/3355774
Al- Shart al- Thalith : Plays, Stories and knowledge الشرط الثالث : قصص ومسرحيات ومعرفة
https://www.createspace.com/3436618
Tales From America حكايات من أمريكا : قصص صحفية
https://www.createspace.com/3357431
Zawjatu al-Sultan زوجة السلطان : مجموعة قصصية
https://www.createspace.com/3391866
Zawjat Lil-Bay' زوجات للبيع : مقالات عن المرأة
https://www.createspace.com/3394072
Family, Love and Marriage: (3 books)
Marriage and Sex in World Cultures- Al- Zawaj Wal-Jinse الزواج والجنس في العالم
https://www.createspace.com/3398110
Qawa'd al-Hub wa -l- Zawaj : Love and Marriage Rules قواعد الحب والزواج
https://www.createspace.com/3413802
Al-Hub wal-Abraj الحب والأبراج
https://www.createspace.com/3413879
Six Diwans : Poetry in Arabic (5 books)
2000 Bayt Min Uyoon al- Shi'r al- Arabi 2000 بيت من عيون الشعر العربي (من أمريء القيس إلى نزار قباني)
https://www.createspace.com/3394075
Diwan al- Qadar ديوان القدر
https://www.createspace.com/3359583
Diwan Bahri al- Aghani ديوان بحر الأماني
https://www.createspace.com/3359585
Diwan Lawlaki : Aghani Lil- Hayah ديوان لولاك : أغان للحياة
https://www.createspace.com/3391862
Kabri Aálik : Be Mindful كبري عقلك : ديوان شعر
https://www.createspace.com/3413862